Macromolcules

Question 1

Carbon Based Molecules

Answer 1

composed with at least one C, they all have similar funtional groups

Question 2

Polymers

Answer 2

may be homo or hetero depending on whether they are composed the same or different monomers

Question 3

Monosaccharide

Answer 3

glucose, fructose

Question 4

Polysaccharide

Answer 4

consists of long chains of monomers
starch, glycogen, cellulose

Question 5

Condensation

Answer 5

the removal of water to form bonds in biomolecules

Question 6

Hydrolysis

Answer 6

splits polymers into monomers by adding water

Question 7

Four classes of biomolecules

Answer 7

Carbs, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids

Question 8

Carbohydrates

Answer 8

C,H,O, lots of OH groups
sugars and starches
can be monomers
typically form carbon rings in shape of hexagon or pentagon
glucose is the most common monosaccharide

Question 9

Nucleic Acids

Answer 9

sequences of nucleotides
DNA, RNA, ATP

Question 10

Proteins

Answer 10

chain of amino acids, work horses of life

Question 11

Lipids

Answer 11

• hydrocarbons, hydrophobic
• fatty acids and membrane
• non polar
• many diverse forms

Question 12

Glucose

Answer 12

alpha glucose which is below the ring
beta glucose which is above the ring

Question 13

Carbohydrate polymers

Answer 13

small polymers are called oligosaccharides usually between 3-8 monomers

Question 14

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 14

reaction between two hydroxyl groups forming an ether

Question 15

Cellulose

Answer 15

Most abundant macromolecule on earth
comes from orderly alignment of hydrogen to form sheets

Question 16

Carbohydrate Function

Answer 16

• primary fuel for energy production in cells
• some complex carbs provides structural support
• some combine with other molecules to form receptors

Question 17

Fatty Acids

Answer 17

saturated, no double bonds

Question 18

Triglycerides

Answer 18

polymers of fatty acids form ester bonds, fats and oils

Question 19

Fatty Acids Lipid Function

Answer 19

efficient long term energy storage
adaptive for storage for potential energy

Question 20

Phospholipid

Answer 20

are modified triglycerides that are amphipathic
have both polar and non polar regions causing self organization

Question 21

Steroids

Answer 21

complex hyrdocarbon rings

Question 22

Cholesterol

Answer 22

Parent molecule from which some important hormones are built
* Synthesize in liver of animals (85% in
humans)
– Eating saturated fats can stimulate
production.
* Found in membranes of animals (thickens membrane)

Question 23

Peptide Bonds

Answer 23

A dehydration
synthesis reaction
between amine (NH2)
and carboxyl (COOH)
of neighboring amino
acids.
* Forms a polypeptide
as more amino acids
are bonded into chains

Question 24

Protein Fold

Answer 24

Primary: The amino acid sequence of polypeptide
Secondary: Regular coiling of the chain (a helix and b sheet)
– Folding is driven by hydrogen bonding
Tertiary: Complex coiling of the 2° coils
* disulfide bridges (S-S bond b/w
cysteines)
* Alignment of hydrophobic/philic
regions
Quaternary: Two or more polypeptides
together

Question 25

Chaperones

Answer 25

Some proteins fold spontaneously in a given environment but many proteins require Chaperone proteins, which help proteins fold correctly. * Prevent newly made polypeptides from clumping together and speed up folding process

Question 26

Inducing proteins to change shape

Answer 26

Heat- can cause permanent denaturing. * Salinity- can influence ionic bonds b/w aa’s * pH- can influence hydrogen bonds b/w aa’s * CoFactors- Metals and non-protein molecules that can bind to proteins. * Substrate molecules bind to enzymatic proteins to perform reactions. * Signaling molecules (ligands)- bind to proteins to induce change. * Physical stress- sound, light, pressure can induce changes in some proteins

Question 27

Glycosides

Answer 27

sugars with other side groups

Question 28

Nucleic Acids Function

Answer 28

DNA - Genes * RNA: Manages synthesis of proteins * ATP is a universal energy molecule of life (akin to a rechargeable lithium battery). * NAD+ is a short term electron carrier molecule * Some are chemical messengers (cAMP) * Metabolic intermediates in the synthesis of alkoids and other amines. * Genetic and cell control

Question 29

Phenolitics

Answer 29

composed mostly of phenol rings

Question 30

Amines

Answer 30

ammonia where at least one H is replaced by small carbon groups

Question 31

Alkaloids

Answer 31

complex amines with cyclic organic structure, usually plant origin

Question 32

Isoprenoids

Answer 32

technically lipid derivatives