Human Development Flashcards

Question

Avg axial length for a full term newborn?

Answer 1

16mm (90D), compared to an adult axial length of 24mm (60D)

Answer 2

- processes that occurs in the eye after birth, eye losing 30D to reach refractive state of emmetropia

Answer 3

within the first 2 years of life in response to retinal blur and location of blur relative to the retina

Answer 4

10 weeks of age = +4.00D 1 year of age = +0.50D to +1.00D myopia increase in prevalence during school years

Answer 5

extreme refractive erros >+5.00D/-4.50D

Answer 6

high myopia, high astig or anisometropia at birth but often have normal emmetropization with similar levels of hyperopia and astig by 12 months of age compared to full term infant

Answer 7

astigmatism is present in 50% of newborn infant, with an avg 2.00D ATR by 2 years, astig decr to 0.50D or less

Answer 8

3-4 months

Answer 9

Divergence = 1 month Convergence = 2 months Reaches adult levels = 6 months

Answer 10

immaturity of the visual cortex

Answer 11

- Frisby test plates (FCPL method for children 13 months or older) - Lang stereo test (6 months - 4 years) - Random dot E (3 years or older) - Randot (4 y or older) - W4D (sensory fusion) - Keystone visual skills card (sensory fusion for children 4 y or older) - Vectograms (3 y or older)

Answer 12

7-9 years initial limitations due to immature retinal PR

Answer 13

red until 3yo

Answer 14

4-7 months

Answer 15

visually displays the number of cells that are driven by the left eye only, right eye only, or both eyes along with the degree of neural input from the right vs left eye for binocular cortical cells - reflection of one hemisphere of the brain

Answer 16

cortical cells driven by the contralateral eye

Answer 17

cells driven by the ipsilateral eye

Answer 18

binocular cortical cells that receive some degree of input from both eyes

Answer 19

7-9 yo, first 2 years of life are most sensitive in terms of visual development

Answer 20

column 1 and 7 will have the most cortical cells - no binocular cells represented - overtime almost ALL cortical cells become monocularly driven by one eye or the other and the pt will have abnormal binocular vision with reduced stereopsis

Answer 21

Dissimilar retinal images or monocular deprivation that occurs during the critical period results in reduced cortical connection in one eye compared to the other and causes a decr in vision

Answer 22

- occlusion - refractive (anisometropic, isometropic, meridional) - strabismic

Answer 23

- occurs when one eye is deprived of vision during the critical period preventing development of connection - visual cortex becomes completely driven by the fellow eye without the occlusion - Congenital cataract, ptosis, or corneal opacities may lead to occlusion amblyopia

Answer 24

- occurs when there is an asymmetric or large uncorrected RE in the 2 eyes, resulting in blurred img and decr natural input to cortical cells from one or both eyes - there are 3 types anisometropic, isometropic, meridional

Answer 25

- occurs when there is a large asymmetric RE between the eyes. This asymmetry leads to a clear retinal img in one eye and blurred retinal img in the other eye. the eye with blurred retinal img will develop less cortical connections, leading to amblyopia

Answer 26

anisometropic hyperopia

Answer 27

occurs when there is a large symmetrical RE in each eye. b/c the RE is so large neither eye will receive a clear retinal img, resulting in reduced neural input to the visual cortex in each eye and decreased vision

Answer 28

occurs with large uncorrected amt of astig during the critical period - certain cells in the visual cortex respond more to a certain line orientation compared to others - uncorrected astig leads to a near line and a far line on either side of the retina. The line closest to the retina will be clearer than the other line image = decr cortical connection and sensitivity to stimuli with the same orientation as the line img furtherest from the retina

Answer 29

occurs when there is a constant, unilat deviation of one eye compared to the other - in order to prevent diplopia and confusion caused by the ocular deviation = supression/amblyopia

Answer 30

T, but they will have poor stereopsis

Answer 31

Survival reflexes - Sucking reflex - Rooting reflex Non-survival reflexes - Palmar grasp - Babinski reflex - Plantar grasp - Placing - Stepping - Fencing

Answer 32

important for feeding - involuntary until 2 months of age

Answer 33

stroke a newborn's cheek and it turns its head in the same direction and opens its mouth

Answer 34

grasp your finger as you apply a light touch to its palm

Answer 35

stroke an infants foot will cause its toses to fan outward and towards the infants body

Answer 36

toes will curl downward if plantar surface of the foot is touched

Answer 37

As baby is held next to a surface it will lift its foot as if its stepping onto that surface

Answer 38

When baby is held up so that its feet are touching a surface, the baby should mimic walking

Answer 39

When you turn a baby's head to one side, arm and leg on that side should extend flexion should occur of the arm and leg on the contralateral side

Answer 40

3 months (as the cortex matures and neural pathways become myelinated)

Answer 41

developmental delays

Answer 42

Motor (larger muscles develop before smaller muscles)

Answer 43

5 months: raise head from lying position and able to roll over from the back of their stomachs 7 months: creep (drag on stomach), pincer grasp (holding objects btw thumb and forefinger) 9-10 months: crawl and cruise (few steps if holding on to furniture) 12 months: Walk w/ someone holding hand, refine pincer grasp 15 months: Walk by themselves, throw objects, turn pages of book, hold spoon, build tower w/ 2 blocks 15 months - 2 years: wlak backwards, climb up and stairs w/assistance, jump, scribble on paper 2 years: walk up/down stairs w/o assistance, run faster, open doors, kick ball, build tower with 7 blocks 3 years: manipulate buttons and scissors, walk up the stairs like an adult, build a tower with 10 blocks, draw a circle 5 years: Children can copy a circle (3 years), cross (3.5), square (4), triangle (5) 6 years: child's motor skills begin to vary (sports vs playing an instrument)

Answer 44

Circle 3 Cross 3.5 Square 4 Triangle 5

Answer 45

7 months - sit by themselves 1 year - walk 2 year - jump 2-3 yo - stack blocks, draw circle 5 yo - draw triangle

Answer 46

Sensorimotor stage (birth - 2 years): childs cognitive understanding is shaped by its immediate experience within the first 2 years Birth (1 month): newborns' actions are limited to primitive reflexes. The newborn does not learn any behavior and does not see itself as different from other objects in its immediate environment Primary circular reaction (1-4 months): newborn exhibits behavior that causes something to happen by chance, the baby then continues to repeat the behavior (ex. baby waves hands and its thumb makes contact w/ mouth, will continue to repeat behavior) Secondary circular reaction (4-10 months) newborn shows behavior that has an effect external objects. The newborn then continues to repeat behavior in order to understand the consequences of that behavior (ex. throwing a cup repeatedly on the floor) Coordination of schemes (10 months - 1 year) newborn can anticipate consequences from certain behaviors and learn to mimic actions displayed by people around them. The infants display a certain behavior to accomplish something (goal-oriented behavior) Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months): The infant develops an understanding of cause and effect relationships. They also actively explore new objects and experiment with new behaviors. Beginnings of symbolic thought (18 months - 2 years ) The child can create memories and can also solve problems cognitively (rather than physically). The child is also able to mimic action that has been seen in the past (delayed imitation)

Answer 47

object permanency - child understands that a toy still exists even if that toy is no longer in the room

Answer 48

- stage begins after child understands object permanency - rapid development of new language - displays egocentrism - sense of time and space - learns concept of conservation (quantity does not change if shape changes - centration (focusing on only one aspect of an object) - once child suprass milestone of of centration, they are able to understand conservation

Answer 49

- mature understanding of conservation and reversibility - understand multiple aspects of an object that they have personal experience with, although they still do not have the full capability to think in abstractions - the child becomes less egocentric in though and starts to understand things from a different perspective

Answer 50

- capable of abstract reasoning - more logical in their thought process - understand convos and reversibility in real and imagined situations

Answer 51

3 month = smile 4-5 months = smile at faces they recognize, sense of self 10 months = moderate emotions 2 years = 2' emotions ( beyond fear, anger, suprise, and joy), feel shame, show defiance and more independence 5 years = capable of controller their impulses and understanding of appropriate behavior, comply to parents wishes, traditional gender roles, independent activities 6-12 months = sense of competence and success, peer interaction is important at this stage, judge, cooperation/fairness/reciprocity, developing loyal friendship

Answer 52

4 months = pay attention to sounds having meaning to them (mothers voice), will try to vocalize (babble, cry) if bothered or hungry 6 months = learn to coo 7 months = recognize emotion behind speech pattern, babble for long periods using different pitches, infants may try to mimic vocalization of adults 1 year = recognize words for common activities, consistently uses few single words correctly, begin to recognize names 2 year = vocab of 50 words, combine 2-3 words into short but meaningful sentences, respond when spoken to 3 year = vocab of 900 words and form larger and more complex sentences 5 year = vocab of 1500, children start to narrate long stories 7 year = able to have long convos and a solid understanding of spoken directions in a variety of situations

Answer 53

born premature (less than 35 weeks) low birth weight (less than 5.5lbs)

Answer 54

Denver II developmental screening test Bartelle developmental inventory screening test

Answer 55

- birth to age 6 - 125 items divided into 4 sections = Social/personal = socialization inside and outside home (smile, wave bye-bye, play ball with examiner) fine motor function = eye-hand coordination and manipulation of small objects and problem-solving ( put block in cup, build a tower of cubes) gross motor function = sitting, walking, jumping (among other large muscle mvmts) language = item assesses the ability to recognize, understand, produce, and utilize language

Answer 56

test for children age 6 months to 8 years - direct observation of child abilities as well as reports from parents - test consists of 96 items in areas of personal-social development, adaptation, gross and fine motor development, communication (receptive and expressive)

Answer 57

ability to discriminate, recognize, and interpret visual stimuli - impairments = learning-related visual disorders that can be misdx as developmental disabilities

Answer 58

1. Visual-spatial skills 2. Visual analysis skills 3. Visual attention and processing skills 4. Visual motor integration

Answer 59

awareness of one's self in space related to other objects and the position of objects in space relative to each other - the vestibular system works closely w/ the visual system to integrate info from objects in space to head mvmts Bilateral integration = awareness and ability to use both sides of the body independently or together Laterality = understanding own left and right Directionality = ability to distinguish btw left and right of an object in space (distinguish if ball is on left or right side)

Answer 60

lack of coordination, balance, not knowing left and right, reversing letters when writing

Answer 61

Bilateral integration tests = standing test (body control), chalkboard circles test, standing angels in the snow Laterality = Piaget's right-left awareness Directionality = Jordan's left-right reversal test, reversals frequency test, Piaget's right-left awareness test

Answer 62

gathering and evaluating visual info from the environment What am I seeing? Where is it located? Why is it important? describes the ability to use visual memory to identify objects in the environment when certain characteristics are missing or when distracting objects are present - important for letter and number recognition, math, concentration, and completing tasks efficiently

Answer 63

Visual discrimination Visual closure Visual form constancy Visual figure-ground Visual spatial relations Visual memory

Answer 64

Difficulty learning the alphabet and recognizing words, difficulty writing, poor number recognition, difficulty with math, poor reading comprehension, short attention span

Answer 65

ability to identify features of an object that differentiate it from different objects (pt picks the choice that best matches the given image)

Answer 66

ability to identify an object when portions of it are missing

Answer 67

identify a shape even when size, color, orientation of an object changes

Answer 68

ability to identify an object in the presence of a background

Answer 69

ability to recall visual objects that were previously preesnt

Answer 70

difficulty learning the alphabet or recognizing words, difficulty writing, poor number recognition, difficulty with math, poor reading comprehension and short attention span

Answer 71

TVPS (Test of visual perceptual skill) MFVP (Motor free vision perception test) DTVP (Visual attention and processing skill)

Answer 72

ability to attend to a single object for sustained periods and the ability to shift attention between multiple objects

Answer 73

Symobla digit modalities Children color trails test

Answer 74

ability to use visual processing information to direct fine motor mvmts (hand skills such as writing or typing) - Visual-motor integration involves visual analysis (perceiving characteristics of an object)

Answer 75

difficult copying from board during school, poor spacing of letters/words, significantly rotating the paper when writing, poor spelling when writing, and difficulty organizing mathematical columns of numbers

Answer 76

Developmental test of visual motor integration (Beery-VMI) World sentence copying test Test of visual motor skills - revised test

Answer 77

Visual-spatial test ability to distinguish right and left on one's self (laterality) , and out in space (directionality). A: show me your left/right hand B: show me my right and left hand C: Where is the coin in regard to the pencil D: Watch on one hand, watch on the other - where is the following items located? E: pencil, key, coin

Answer 78

Visual-spatial test determines how well a child (5-18yo) can identify reverse images, letters, numbers, and sequence of letters. - There are 5 subtest 1-A: 5 pictures presented, which picture in the row is reversed? 1-B: rows that contain individual letters (first upper case, then lower case) and numbers shown; which given letters/numbers are reversed? 2-A: 20 rows with words and identify which words are reversed 2-B: 20 sentences, which sentence. contains words that are reversed 2-C: 2 columns that each contain 16 letter sequences, which sequence in the 2nd column are out of order compared to the letter sequences given in the first column 2 scores were received: accuracy and error, childs behavior is also observed

Answer 79

Visual-analysis - given to ages 4-0 to 18-11 (year/month) - assess visual perceptual abilities without integrating motor abilities - items are presented in multiple-choice format - each subset starts with 2, non-scored ex followed by 16 test items in increasing difficulty --------------- Visual discrimination: shown design and match Visual memory: shown design and match via memory Spatial relationships: shown series of design and must choose design different from the rest Form constancy: shown design and match same design (larger, smaller, rotated) Sequential memory : shown design sequence for 5 seconds on one page then match design via memory Visual figure-ground: find certain design among many designs w/ complex background Visual closure: show complete design, must match w/ same incomplete design ----- - STOP test if child has 4 consecutive wrong answers - Raw score is based on number of correct responses and then converted to scaled scores using TVPS manual - Note abnormal behavior

Answer 80

- test for visual analysis - assess visual perceptual skills in children and adults ages 4 through > 80 yo - pt will respond verbally or point to the correct answer - 5 subsections Spatial relationships Visual discrimination Figure-ground Visual closure Visual memory *Similar to TVPS

Answer 81

asessement of visual perception and visual-motor abilities - administered to ages 4-12 - 5 subtest Eye-hand coordination: draw precise straight or curved lines Copying: shown figure and asked to draw it Figure-ground: child is shown figure and asked to find as many ex of that same figure hidden in multiple places within complex and confusing backgrounds Visual-closure: shown a figure and must choose an incomplete matching figure Form constancy: shown figure and ask to identify the same figure among a series of choices (different sizes, rotated or hidden within a bg) - STOP test if pt misses 3 consecutive items - DTVP-3 provides 3 scores: motor-reduced visual perception, visual motor integration, central visual perception

Answer 82

- determines how well a pt can integrate visual and motor abilities (eye-hand coordination) - short form = 21 items and administered to children ages 2-7 yo - Full form = 30 items, given to all ages 2-100 yo Ex. tasks - imitation drawings: copy geometric shape - spontaneous scribbling - imitiation scribbling STOP test if pt earns 0 pts on 3 consecutive items

Answer 83

- determines the ability to quickly and accurately copy a sentence from top to bottom of the page - child is instructed to write neatly and quickly, requires child to copy 110 letters - test is timed - to determine the copy rate, take 6600/(time it took the pt to copy the letters (in seconds) - norms provided for males and females and combined genders for different grade school levels - the observations should be recorded Posture Number of fixations Spacing (figure-ground) Vocalization/sub-vocalization Speed Concentration, attention, fatigue Formation Frustration level

Answer 84

- assess visual motor skills, specifically eye-hand coordination through copying - administered to pts 3 to >90 yo - asked to copy 39 designs (easiest to hardest) - STOP test once pt scores 0 on 4 tests - Pt given 2 scores for each design: acurracy, error - types of errors described below Closure Incorrect angles Line quality Line length Line connections Modification of part or size Addition or deletions Rotation or reversal Overlap

Answer 85

- 50% of pts over the age of 85 have hearing loss - deterioration of hair cells in the organ of Corti - excess deposits of bone cells, resulting in fusion of the oval window and stapes - increased impaction of ear wax in the external canal due to loss of sebaceous glands - decr/loss of conduction of sounds due to sclerosis and increased translucency of the tympanic membrane

Answer 86

- decr muscle mass and neural control leading to loss of coordination and balance - elderly will have reduction in bone mass, resulting in kyphosis (back hump), red vertebral height, and increased risk for bone fractures

Answer 87

screening test for cognitive deficits and evaluates five areas: - orientation - attention and recall - calculations - language - figure construction risk of dementia doubles 5 years after the age of 60

Human Development Flashcards

(122 cards)