Human factors & Shell Model

Question 1

what is the shell model

Answer 1

viewing human beings as the central component in the complex operation of a flight

taking their weakness/strength in isolation and in relation to other components

this helps optimize the pilots behaviour and performance

S - Software (training, procedures, support)
H -Hardware (machines/equipment)
E-environment(where SHL function)
L- Liveware (people in the workplace)
In the centre is ‘L’- the human component (physco + physical) that interact with each of the blocks.

a mismatch between Livewhere (centre) and the other blocks can create human error

Question 2

What is the L-H

Answer 2

Liveware - Hardware

ex: designing seats to fit humans body’s characteristics

design displays and controls to match users’s sensory info processing

Reading ‘analogue’ presentation is most suitable for qualititive and comprataive information

Question 3

What is L-S

Answer 3

Liveware - Software

ex: SOPs should be well written and formatted, orders, rules, regulations, phraseology are clear, fixing symbology so they are not abstract, checklists, charts & maps

Question 4

What is L-E

Answer 4

Liveware - Environment

Ex:
physical environment like temperature, weather, protective systems against radiation, noise, vibrations that can cause pain, backaches, headaches, vision issues, flicker vertigo (naussea)
External weather environment, sleep pattern, jet lag,
Organizational attributes
Economic and political

Question 5

What is L - L

Answer 5

Liveware - Liveware

ex: leadership, team work, working relationships with pilots, ATC, etc, CRM programs

Question 6

what is human factor

Answer 6

The performance and behaviour of an individual and group

Question 7

what does human factors involve

Answer 7

**Psychological and physical aspect of the individual
**
+

interaction with other people, machines, equpiment and operating environment

Question 8

ergonomics

Answer 8

the study of human efficiency in their operating environment

Question 9

Liveware

Answer 9

Psychological:
perception, judgement, skills, knowledge, attitude, leadership, personality, decision making

Physiological
Sensory perception
Peronal fitness and wellbeing

Question 10

why is human factors important

Answer 10

to demonstrate airmanship

to focus on flight safety (reduce threat and human error)

Question 11

There are 2 broad aspects to human factors

Answer 11

Engineering
- Ergnomics: human limitations and capabilities in the design of machines, objects, processess and environments
- Anthropometry: study of human body measurements

Cognitive psychology:
the study of human behaviour and the mental process (situational awareness, solving and decision making) behind it.

Question 12

What is the main cause of accidents

Answer 12

Humans

There are intrapersonal issues (inside oneself)
ex: first offer who must challenge a captain

There are **interpersonal issues **(with others)

Question 13

how to keep your mind on the job and exclude outside influences?

Answer 13

checklists before starting helps divert concentration/reduce distraction from personal stresses

Question 14

CRM

Answer 14

Crew Relationship Management:
focuses on cognitive and interpersonal skills needed to manage flights in an aviation organization
- develop effectiveness of crew performance
- improve attitudes towards flight safety and human relationships
- comprimise to get job done
- Feedback, reviewiong flights, monitoring
- delegation
- communication
- prioritization

Question 15

what is synergism

Answer 15

when the total performance of a crew is > the sum of members

ie. the extra buzz
2 + 2 =5

Question 16

Airmanship (captaincy)

Answer 16

actions relatiing to being a good aviator (doing a professional job) that involve discipline, skills, knowledge, decision making and risk management
- pre-flight inspections
- maintining rules of air
- checklist

Question 17

how to increase flight safety

Answer 17

Use all the resources available
1. Your own body (physical and psychological)
2. Information
3. Equipments
4. people on ground or in air with you

Question 18

as a single pilot, what are some measures to help with decision making

Answer 18

1. Knoweldge (know the flight manual)
2. Preparation - preflight, route, weather, runway, what happens in emergency, what are alternative routs, who to contact, what’s the safe altitude

Question 19

what is SMS

Answer 19

Safety management system

tools and skills that allow organisations to manage and metigate risk to a level beyond normal regulatory oversight - it includes

operations procedure & compliance system
good capataincy
engineers that take pride in their work
support staff that don’t overload pilots
fostering professionalism
Proactive vs reactive mindset
constant enhansement of the sms

Question 20

Automation

Answer 20

relieves pilot’s workload and gives him time for supervision and other tasks

To avoid wrong decisions - the system should be able to report malfunction

moden tech in a glass cockpit facilitates feedback from the machine via concise data for communication on the flight deck

Question 21

flaws of automation

Answer 21

hypovigilance - cockpit becomes boring/monotonous and erros can go unoticed

pilots can degrade their skills

complacency - too much reliance on the machine and lead to reduced vigilence (ie not checking on things properly)

future shock - machines changes rapidly and can add to stress

Question 22

how to avoid automation complacency

Answer 22

treat the machine as another crew member
always cross check/do verifications

communication

Question 23

what is ‘modes’

Answer 23

it’s a system’s functions

more functions, more chances of error

Sometimes a set of functions are grouped to performe one mode

so if you are not familiar with the system, this can cause error

Question 24

Mode awareness

Answer 24

awareness of active modes, knowing the relevant actions and responses.

it inovles knowledge of the aircraft configurations and their interaction with the modes of the automatic flight system

Essentialloy the pilot is like a ‘Flight deck / system manager’ not controller

Question 25

mode errors & confusion

Answer 25

Mode error: breakdown in human-computer interaction

mode confusion: when device does something in one way in one mode and another way in another mode - there is an increaed potential for error.

lack of understand of the modes or the automatic system is mode confusion.

Question 26

what is leadership

Answer 26

interpersonal influence towards achieving a goal

Question 27

2 types of leadership behaviour

Answer 27

**Task oriented: **achieving the goal is primary in decision making over what others feel
High Task, Low Relationship=aggressive

Relationship oriented: what other feel is primary in decision making over the task.
High Relationship Low Tasl = nurturing/caring

Question 28

Excessive Motivation

Answer 28

can cause additional stress

(trying to recognized all the time, high self expectations, high demand..)