human impacts on sand dune environments

Question 1

grazing of livestock

Answer 1

overgrazing on fixed dunes can damage vegetation cover and cause erosion by wind. leads to invasion of cord grasses and scrub and loss of typical dune plant communities

Question 2

military

Answer 2

during WW2, dunes were used for military training and a source of sand for building military instillations=wide spread wind erosion. some in Scotland still used for training.

Question 3

beach management

Answer 3

seaward development of dune systems leading to formation of embryo dunes may be arrested on some popular coastlines by trampling. beach cleaning using mechanical methods also damages embryo dunes