Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

bio > human repro > Flashcards

human repro Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is fertilization

A

fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm cell) and a female
gamete (egg cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

in the oviducts in the females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the adaptions of sperm and its function

A

flagellum (tail) - enables it to swim

contains enzymes in the head region (acrosome) - to digest through the jelly coat and cell membrane of an egg cell

contains many mitochondria - to provide energy from respiration for locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the adaptions of egg cells and its function

A

cytoplasm containing energy - provides energy for the dividing zygote after fertilization

jelly-like coating that changes after fertilization - forms an impenetrable barrier after fertilization to prevent other sperm nuclei from entering the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what type of nucleus do gametes have

A

haploid nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the parts of a sperm cell from top to bottom

A

acrosome
haploid nucleus
midpiece containing mitochondria
flagellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the prostate gland and what does it do

A

produces fluid called semen that provide sperm cells with nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the sperm duct/vas deferens and what does it do

A

sperm passes through the sperm duct to be mixed with fluids produced by the glands before being passed into the urethra for ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the urethra and what does it do

A

urethra is a tube that runs down the centre of the penis which can carry urine or sperm, a ring of muscle in the urethra prevents the urine and semen from mixing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the testis and what does it do

A

contained in a bag of skin (scrotum) and produces sperm (male gamete) and testosterone (hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the scrotum and what does it do

A

sac supporting the testes outside to ensure sperm are kept at a lower temperature optimum for their production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the penis and what does it do

A

passes urine out of the body from the bladder and allows semen to pass into the vagina of a woman, during sexual intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the oviduct

A

connects the ovary to the uterus and is lined with ciliated cells to push the released ovum down it, fertilization occurs here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the ovary

A

contains ova (female gametes) which will mature and develop when hormones are released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the uterus

A

muscular bag with a soft lining where the fertilised egg (zygote) will be implanted and develop into a fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the cervix

A

ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus to keep the developing fetus in place during pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the vagina

A

muscular tube that leads to the inside of the woman’s body, where the males penis will enter during intercourse and sperm is deposited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

compare the size of a sperm cell and an egg cell

A

sperm: 45 nanometers
egg cell: 0.2mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

compare the structure of a sperm cell and an egg cell

A

sperm: head structure and flagellum, many structural adaptations
egg cell: round cell with few physical adaptations and covered in jelly coating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

compare the mobility of a sperm cell and an egg cell

A

sperm: locomotive
egg: not locomotive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

compare the number of sperm cells and egg cells in a human body

A

sperm: millions produced everyday in huge numbers (around 100 million per day)
egg: thousands of immature eggs in each ovary but only 1 released each month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

after fertiliation in the oviduct where does the zygote move to

A

the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how long does the travel from oviduct to uterus take and what happens to the zygote

A

This takes about 3 days, during which time the zygote will divide several times to form a ball of cells known as an embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where does the embryo finally reach and what is this called

A

sinks into the uterine lining and is called implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the gestation period for humans
9 months
26
when does the development of major organs take place
within the first 12 weeks
27
how does the embryo get nutrition from the mother
diffusion through the placenta
28
what does the embryo become after all the organs are in place
once the organs are in place and the placenta has formed the embryo is called a fetus
29
what is the amniotic sac what does it contain what does it do
fetus is surrounded by an amniotic sac which contains amniotic fluid protects the fetus during development by cushioning it from bumps
30
what is the umbilical cord, what does it do
umbilical cord joins the fetus’s blood supply to the placenta for exchange of nutrients and removal of waste products
31
how does the fetus develop in the gestation period
gains the mother's glucose, amino acids, fats, water and oxygen from the mother’s blood
32
how is the placenta wall adapted for diffusion
large surface area and thin wall
33
name the 6 stages of child birth
- Amniotic sac breaks * Muscles in the uterus wall contract * Cervix dilates (gets wider) * Baby passes out through the vagina * Umbilical cord is tied and cut * Afterbirth is delivered
34
how does the placenta protect the baby from toxins
acts a barrier between the baby and pathogens
35
why should pregnant women avoid smoking
nicotine can pass across the placenta
36
does the umbilical cord being cut hurt
no as there are no nerves in it only blood vessels
37
what is afterbirth
The placenta detaches from the uterus wall shortly after birth and is pushed out due to contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus – known as the afterbirth
38
what are secondary sexual characteristics
changes that occur during puberty as children become adolescents
39
what are secondary sexual characteristics controlled by
hormones oestrogen - females Testosterone - males
40
what are female secondary sexual characteristics
breasts develop body hair grows menstrual cycle begins hips get wider
41
what are male secondary sexual characteristics
growth of penis and testes growth of facial and body hair muscles develop voice breaks testes begin to produce sperm
42
how long is the average menstrual cycle
28 days
43
what is ovulation
the release of an egg, occuring about halfway through the menstrual cycle (14th day) after release, the egg travels down the oviduct to the uterus
44
what causes menstruation
if the released egg isnt fertilized, the breakdown of the thickened lining of the uterus is stimulated which is what causes the bleeding (menstruation)
45
how long does the bleeding (menstruation) last
5-7 days
46
describe the uterine lining from day 1 to day 7
uterine lining sheds and becomes thins
47
describe the uterine lining from day 7 to 14
lining builds up and thickens
48
describe the uterine lining from day 14 to 28
lining continues to build up and maintains
49
describe the uterine lining on day 28
uterine lining sheds and becomes thins as the new cycle begins
50
what is the menstrual cycle controlled by
controlled by hormones released from the ovary and the pituitary gland in the brain
51
what does FSH stimulate and where is it secreted from
stimulates egg maturation in the follicles of the ovary stimulates follicles in the ovaries to secrete estrogen stimulates the ovaries to start releasing estrogen secreted by the pituitary gland and causes the egg to mature in the ovary
52
what does LH stimulate and where is it secreted from
the pituitary gland secretes LH when estrogen levels have peaked LH causes ovulation to occur and also stimulates the ovary to produce progesterone
53
what are the roles of estrogen
-stimulates the uterus to develop a lining (to replace the lining lost during menstruation) -post-ovulation, inhibits FSH and LH production in the pituitary gland
54
what are the roles of progesterone
-maintains and thickens lining of the uterus -inhibits FSH and LH production
55
when do oestrogen levels rise and until when what happens when estrogen levels rise
day 1 to 14 uterine wall thickens and egg matures
56
when do progesterone levels rise and until when what happens when progesterone levels rise
day 1 to 14 cause the uterine lining to thicken further a fall in progesterone levels cause the uterine lining to break down (menstruation / ‘period’)
57
where is oestrogen and progesterone produced
ovary
58
what is an STI
an infection that is transmitted through sexual contact
59
what is HIV
a pathogen that causes an STI HIV infection could lead to aids
60
how can HIV be spread
sharing needles with an infected person blood transfusions with infected blood mother to fetus through the placenta mother to baby via breastfeeding
61
how can HIV be controlled
Limiting the number of sexual partners having protected sex getting tested raising awareness
62
where is progesterone released from during pregnancy
placenta corpus luteum
63
all the steps that occur after fertilization up until the fetus is formed
-zygote divides by mitosis to form an embryo -hollow ball of cells move to the uterus down the oviduct through muscle contraction and relaxation -implants into the uterine lining -development of placenta -folicle becomes corpus luteum -corpus luteum secretes progesterone -progesterone maintains the endometrium -progesterone inhibits the release of fsh and hence inhibits menstruation
64
outline the processes of labour and birth
amniotic sac breaks amniotic fluid is released contraction of uterus cervix dilates baby passes through vagina umbilical cord is cut afterbirth is delivered
65
how will the composition of a pregnant woman's blood change as it passes through the placenta
concentration of dissolved nutrients will decrease concentration of urea will increase

bio (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions