Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

bio > inheritance + protein synth > Flashcards

inheritance + protein synth Flashcards

1
Q

what is inheritance

A

Inheritance is the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where are chromosomes located

A

Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are chromosomes

A

thread-like structures of DNA, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a gene

A

A gene is a short length of DNA found on a chromosome that codes for a specific protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is an allele

A

Alleles are different versions of a particular gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a haploid nucleus

A

a nucleus containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes (e.g. sperm and egg) hence 23 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a diploid nucleus

A

a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes (e.g. in body cells) hence 46 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are female gametes

A

can only carry “X” chromosomes. Hence XX pair gives female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are male gametes

A

can carry “X” and “Y” chromosomes. Hence XY pair gives male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which parent is responsible for the gender of the child

A

only a father can pass on a Y chromosome, he is responsible for determining the sex of the child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how many sperm cells are released during ejaculation

A

250 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the two stages of protein synthesis

A

transcription
translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what occurs in transcription

A

rewriting the base code of DNA into bases of RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what occurs in translation

A

using RNA base sequence to build amino acids into sequence in a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some examples of proteins a gene could code for

A

enzymes
antibodies
receptors
Neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the four main bases

A

adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what holds the four main bases together

A

phosphate backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which bases bond together

A

adenine-thymine
cytosine-guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how is adenine bonded with thymine

A

adenine forms a double hydrogen bond with thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is cytosine bonded with guanine

A

cytosine forms a triple hydrogen bond with guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

in a cell what are proteins made by

A

proteins are made by ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where are chromosomes located

A

inside the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are chromatids

A

two lengths of a chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where do chromatids join

A

at the centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
how many chromosomes are there in a normal human body
23
26
definition of mitosis
nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells
27
first step of mitosis
Just before mitosis, each chromosome in the nucleus copies itself exactly
28
second step of mitosis
copy remains attached to the original, so each chromosome has 2 identical threads (known as chromatids)
29
third step of mitosis
the chromatids are pulled apart by cell fibres
30
3 functions of mitosis
Growth: mitosis produces new cells Repair: to replace damaged or dead cells Asexual reproduction: mitosis produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
31
what are stem cells
unspecialised cells
32
stem cells function
stems cell's function is to divide via mitosis and produce new daughter cells that can become specialised in the body
33
main example of stem cells
zygote
34
how does a zygote display characteristics of a stem cell
A zygote divides several times by mitosis to become a ball of unspecialised cells (around 200-300 cells) These are embryonic stem cells These cells are all the same and start differentiating as the fetus develops with recognisable features
35
definition of meiosis and what is it used for
Meiosis is a type of nuclear division that gives rise to cells that are genetically different It is used to produce the gametes (sex cells)
36
where is does meiosis take place
in the gonads of animals (testes, ovaries)
37
are gametes haploid or diploid
gametes are haploid as they have half the number of normal chromosomes (23)
38
step 1 of meiosis
Each chromosome makes identical copies of itself (forming X-shaped chromosomes)
39
step 2 of meiosis
First division: chromosomes pair up along the centre of the cell, recombination occurs and then cell fibres will pull the pairs apart, each new cell will have one of each recombinant chromosome pair
40
step 3 of meiosis
Second division: chromosomes will line up along the centre of the cell, cell fibres will pull them apart (as with mitosis)
41
last step of meiosis
A total of four haploid daughter cells will be produced
42
what is the importance of meiosis
used in the production of gametes increases genetic variation in the offspring
43
how does meiosis produce variation in the offspring
Meiosis produces variation by forming new combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes every time a gamete is made,
44
differences between meiosis and mitosis
meiosis: 4 cells produced (known as daughter cells) daughter cells are haploid daughter cells are genetically different from each other and the parent cell two cell divisions occur mitosis: 2 cells produced (known as daughter cells) daughter cells are diploid daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell one cell division occurs
45
define inheritance
Inheritance is the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next generation
46
how many alleles do we have for each gene
2, as we have two copies of each chromosome and we have two copies of each gene
47
eg of an allele
an individual has two copies of the gene for eye colour, but one allele could code for brown eyes and one allele could code for blue eyes
48
what is a phenotype
The observable characteristics of an organism
49
what is a genotype
The combination of alleles that control each characteristic
50
two forms of alleles
dominant and/or recessive
51
how are dominant alleles inherited from parents to show up in a phenotype
only needs to be inherited from one parent
52
how are recessive alleles inherited from parents to show up in a phenotype
needs to be inherited from both parents
53
If the two alleles of a gene are the same, what is this known as
homozygous
54
what does it mean to be homozygous dominant
having two dominant alleles
55
what does it mean to be homozygous recessive
having two recessive alleles
56
what does it mean to be heterozygous
if the two alleles of the gene are different
57
in diagrams what letter is the dominant allele and what letter is the recessive allele
dominant = capital recessive = lowercase
58
2 examples of stem cells
basal cells of the skin cells in the bone marrow
59
when does meiosis occur
in the final stages of cell division leading to production of gametes
60
what is a somatic cell
cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells
61
how many pairs of chromosomes are there in a regular human
23 pairs 46 individual
62
mitosis is used for what
growth and repair
63
meiosis is used for what
reproduction
64
where is mitosis ALSO used
asexual reproduction
65
fourth step of mitosis
The cell divides into two; each new cell has a copy of each of the chromosomes
66
during protein synthesis where is the gene coding for the protein located
the gene coding for the protein remains in the nucleus
67
what is a messenger RNA (mRNA)
messenger RNA (mRNA) is a molecule that carries a copy of the information in DNA to a ribosome, to be used to synthesise a protein
68
where are mRNA molecules made
mRNA molecules are made in the nucleus and move to the cytoplasm
69
ribosomes function in protein synthesis
the ribosome assembles amino acids into protein molecules
70
what is the specific sequence of amino acids in DNA determined by
the sequence of bases in the mRNA
71
mitosis definition
nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells
72
definition of meiosis
reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid resulting in genetically different cells
73
what is a dominant allele
an allele that is expressed if it is present in the genotype
74
what is a recessive allele
an allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present in the genotype
75
codominance meaning
both alleles in heterozygous organisms contribute to the phenotype
76
how many chromosomes in a sperm cell
23
77
how many chromosomes in an egg cell
23
78
how many pairs of alleles in gametes
1
79
monohybrid cross meaning
a cross where we consider the inheritance of only one gene
80
where does protein synthesis occur
on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
81
what does expressed mean
a gene is expressed when the protein that it codes for is synthesised in a cell
82
how does dna control cell functions
by controlling the production of proteins, including enzymes, membrane carriers and receptors for neurotransmitters
83
how are protiens made
the gene coding for the protein remains in the nucleus * messenger RNA (mRNA) is a copy of a gene * mRNA molecules are made in the nucleus and move to the cytoplasm * the mRNA passes through ribosomes * the ribosome assembles amino acids into protein molecules * the specific sequence of amino acids is determined by the sequence of bases in the mRNA
84
what is gene mutation
gene mutation is a change in base sequence of DNA
85
what is a gene mutation
a change in base sequence of DNA
86
what are sex-linked genes
genes that are found on a part of one of the sex chromosomes, and not on the other sex chromosome; therefore they produce characteristics that are more common in one sex than in the other
87
example of sex-linked genes
red-green colour blindness
88
what is the benefit of being heterozygous of sickle cell anaemia
more resistant to malaria

bio (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions