coordination and response

Question 1

what are the two types of nervous systems

Answer 1

central
peripheral

Question 2

what does the central nervous system contain

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord

Question 3

what does the peripheral nervous system contain

Answer 3

all of the nerves in the body

Question 4

how is information sent through the nervous system

Answer 4

nerve impulses (electrical signals that pass along nerve cells known as neurones)

Question 5

what is a nerve

Answer 5

a bundle of neurons

Question 6

what are the 3 main types of neurones

Answer 6

sensory, motor and relay

Question 7

what is a sensory neurone

Answer 7

carry impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord)

Question 8

what is a motor neurone

Answer 8

neurones that carry impulses from the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) to the muscles

Question 9

what is a relay neurone

Answer 9

neurones are found inside the CNS and connect sensory and motor neurones

Question 10

characteristics of sensory neurones

Answer 10

long and have a cell body branching off the middle of the axon

Question 11

characteristics of relay neurones

Answer 11

short and have a small cell body at one end with many dendrites branching off

Question 12

characteristics of motor neurones

Answer 12

long and have a large cell body at one end with long dendrites branching off it

Question 13

voluntary vs involuntary actions

Answer 13

voluntary actions involve brain activity to coordinate the response,
where as involuntary actions does not involve the brain as the coordinator of the reaction and you are not aware you have completed it until after you have carried it out

Question 14

reflex arc steps

Answer 14

stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neurone -> relay neurone -> motor neurone -> effector -> response
sent through electrical impulses

Question 15

characteristics of reflex actions

Answer 15

1) fast
2) automatic
3) protective

Question 16

what is a synapse

Answer 16

junction between two neurones

Question 17

define sensitivity

Answer 17

ability to detect, sense changes in the environment.
ability to detect stimuli and make responses accordingly

Question 18

define involuntary actions

Answer 18

a response that doesn’t involve thought/decision

Question 19

what is the function of the cornea

Answer 19

the cornea is a transparent lens refracts (bends) light as it enters the eye

Question 20

what is the function of the iris

Answer 20

controls how much light enters the pupil

Question 21

what is the function of the lens

Answer 21

the lens is a transparent disc that can change shape to focus light on the retina

Question 22

what is the function of the retina

Answer 22

contains light receptor cells (rods and cones)- rods help see black and white and cones help see coloured images

Question 23

what is the function of the optic nerve

Answer 23

sensory neurone that carries impulses between the eye and the brain

Question 24

what is the function of the pupil

Answer 24

hole that allows light to enter the eye

Question 25

what happens to the pupil when it exposed to a lot of light

Answer 25

pupil constricts in order to prevent too much light entering the eye and damaging the retina

Question 26

what happens to the pupil when it is exposed to dim light

Answer 26

pupil widens so as to allow more light to enter into the retina

Question 27

what are the two spots in the eye that have the lowest number of rods

Answer 27

yellow spot (fovea) blind spot

Question 28

which spot in the eye has most cones

Answer 28

fovea

Question 29

what is the functions of rods

Answer 29

allows for detection of light of low intensity, converts light to electrical impulses, allows for night vision, gives black and white vision

Question 30

how does the pupil reflex work in response to low light

Answer 30

-photoreceptors detect change in light -radial muscles contract -circular muscles relax -pupil dilates -more light is allowed in

Question 31

how does the pupil reflex work in response to bright light

Answer 31

-photoreceptors detect change in light -radial muscles relax -circular muscles contract -pupil constricts -less light enters the eye

Question 32

how does the lens accommodate to view close objects

Answer 32

-ciliary muscles contract -suspensory ligaments relax -lens becomes fatter lens refracts more

Question 33

how does the lens accommodate to view far away objects

Answer 33

-ciliary muscles relax -suspensory ligaments contract -lens become thinner lens refracts less

Question 34

where is the "blind spot" located

Answer 34

area where optic nerve attaches to retina

Question 35

what is a hormone

Answer 35

A hormone is a chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs

Question 36

what are all the glands present in the endocrine

Answer 36

pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, testes (male), ovaries (female)

Question 37

what are two hormones the pituitary gland secrets

Answer 37

Human growth hormone (HGH or GH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 38

what is the thyroid gland's job

Answer 38

to control the body's metabolism secrets thyroxine

Question 39

what is the function of the adrenal gland

Answer 39

Adrenal glands produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress produce adrenaline

Question 40

what is the function of the pancreas

Answer 40

secretes multiple food digesting enzymes produces insulin which helps lower blood glucose level and glucagon which helps increase blood glucose level

Question 41

what is the function of the testes and ovaries

Answer 41

produce testosterone (male sex hormone) produce and store eggs and make hormones that control your menstrual cycle (oestrogen) and pregnancy

Question 42

from top to bottom what are all the components of a motor neurone

Answer 42

dendrite cell body axon myelin sheath nodes of Ranvier the nucleus of the myelin sheath nerve ending

Question 43

from top to bottom what are all the components of a relay neurone

Answer 43

dendrite cell body axon pre-synaptic terminal

Question 44

from top to bottom what are all the components of a sensory neurone

Answer 44

receptor cell myelin sheath axon cell body

Question 45

which two parts of the eye refract light

Answer 45

cornea, lens

Question 46

what does adrenaline do to the body

Answer 46

increase the blood glucose level increased rate of respiration in muscles increased heart rate increased breathing rate diverting blood flow to muscles dilating pupils

Question 47

when radial muscles contract what happens to the pupil

Answer 47

when radial muscles in iris contract the pupil dilates

Question 48

when circular muscles in the iris contract what happens to the pupil

Answer 48

when circular muscles contract the pupil constricts

Question 49

how does the lens change to be able to accommodate viewing of up close objects

Answer 49

lens becomes thicker to be able to refract the light rays and make them converge at the retina

Question 50

how does the lens change to accommodate

Answer 50

becomes thinner to view far away objects becomes thicker to view close objects

Question 51

how does the lens accommodate to the viewing of objects further away

Answer 51

become thinner to be able to converge light to the retina from far away

Question 52

what part of the eye is sensitive to light

Answer 52

retina

Question 53

define sensitivity

Answer 53

ability to detect changes in the environment stimuli react/change in accordance

Question 54

how do cones allow the human eye to see light

Answer 54

cones respond to different wavelengths, converts light into electrical impulses, optic nerve accumulates the data and sends it to brain for the brain to interpret it.

Question 55

explain why extra glucose needs to be converted to glycogen

Answer 55

glucose is soluble, glycogen is insoluble glucose in blood would lower water potential causing hyperglycemia

Question 56

name 3 sense organs and the stimulus they respond to

Answer 56

eye - light ears - sound nose - smells

Question 57

what are the advantages of simple reflexes

Answer 57

fast, automatic and protective/defensive

Question 58

voluntary vs involuntary

Answer 58

voluntary involves brain decision making voluntary actions are slower voluntary actions are not automatic

Question 59

what are the 2 parts of the eye that control the direction of the light rays

Answer 59

cornea and lens

Question 60

where in the eye is the image formed

Answer 60

retina

Question 61

where is the cell body in the sensory neurone

Answer 61

ganglion

Question 62

where is the cell body in the relay neurone

Answer 62

gray matter (spinal chord)

Question 63

what prevents the leakage of the impulse

Answer 63

myelin sheath

Question 64

what are the 2 effectors in the body

Answer 64

muscles glands

Question 65

which neurone stimulates effectors

Answer 65

motor neurone

Question 66

what is the pathway of light entering the eye

Answer 66

cornea -> aqueous humour -> pupil -> lens -> vitreous humour