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Bio 4th Yr Mid-yrs > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What’s sexual reproduction

A

A mobile male gamete fertilises with a stationary female gamete to form a zygote

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2
Q

What’s asexual reproduction

A

When only 1 parent is involved and makes a genetically identical clone
Divide / grows then buds off

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3
Q

Sexual vs asexual: no of parents

A

S: 2
A: 1

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4
Q

Sexual vs asexual: gametes

A

S: specialised gametes are produced
A: x specialised gametes

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5
Q

Sexual vs asexual: genes

A

S: inherit mixed genes
A: clones, genetically identical

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6
Q

Sexual vs asexual: genetic variation

A

S: v genetic variation in the population
A: x —> susceptible to environmental change

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7
Q
A

A: ureter
B: sperm duct
C: erectile tissue
D: urethra
E: penis
F: testes
G: scrotum
H: seminal vesicle
I: bladder

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8
Q

Function of seminal vesicles

A

Produce fluid to make semen

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9
Q

Why are testes located outside of the body

A

Maintain a slightly lower temperature
Optimum temp for sperm production

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10
Q

Function of acrosome

A

It’s an enzyme to digest eggs’ outer layer

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11
Q

Where are mitochondrias concentrated in in a sperm

A

Middle section
Release E by resp to swim

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12
Q

What’s the flagellum

A

Propels the sperm to swim to the egg

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13
Q

What is fertilisation

A

The fusion of male and female haploid gametes to restore diploid chromosome no in zygote

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14
Q

Internal vs external fertilisation

A

Internal: males ejaculate sperm in semen into females’ bodies
External: males and females release sperm and ova in water

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15
Q

Diploid zygote → mitosis, specialisation → implant into uterus lining → embryo, placenta

A
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16
Q

Process of fertilisation

A

In oviduct,
Acrosome digest egg membrane, 2 nuclei fuse, fertilisation of membrane (x sperm can enter)

17
Q

Purpose of fertilisation

A

Restore diploid no of chromosomes in zygote
Provide genetic variation (meiosis, each hv diff genetic combinations)
(Diff among the same species)

18
Q

Functions of placenta

A
  1. Secrete progesterone — maintain uterus lining
  2. Obtain oxygen and nutrients (amino acid, glucose…)
  3. Get rid of waste products
19
Q

How are substances exchanged between the mom and the embryo

A

Diffusion
Without blood mix (clot / immune)

20
Q

How are substances exchanged

A

Maternal blood in placenta → chorionic villi membrane → umbilical chord

21
Q

Function of the amniotic sac and fluid

A

Sac: encloses embryo, x inc placenta
Fluid: protect embryo from bumps and jolts

22
Q

Adaptation of placenta to maximise diffusion

A
  1. Chorionic villi: large surface area
  2. Lots of capillaries to maintain a high concentration gradient
    E. Thin placenta: short diffusion distance
23
Q

3 stages of birth

A

Cervix dilation
Baby deliver
After birth delivery

24
Q

What does cervix dilation do

A

Uterus muscles contract strongly
Amnion rupture
Water breaks

25
Q

What does baby delivery do

A

Uterus muscles contact strongly to push the baby’s head out

26
Q

What happens in the after birth delivery

A

Uterus continues to contract,
Pushing placenta and membrane out

27
Q

Primary vs secondary sexual characteristics

A

Primary: you’re born with
Secondary: get it from puberty onwards

28
Q

Male secondary sexual characteristics

A

Male sexual organs develop (enlargement of penis)
Growth of armpit, pubic and facial hair
Voice breaks
Sperm production
Inc muscle mass

29
Q

Female secondary sexual characteristics

A

Female sex organs develop
Growth of armpit, pubic hair
Voice deepens without breaking
Menstruation
Hips widen
Beast develop

30
Q

Whats ovulation

A

When the eggs is released (~D14)

31
Q

How is FSH related to the menstrual cycle

A

From pituitary gland
Stimulates ovaries to release oestrogen
Stimulates growth of follicle

32
Q

What do follicles do

A

Does the metabolism and respiration work for the egg

33
Q

How’s oestrogen relevant to the menstrual cycle

A

From ovary
Growth and development of the uterus lining for implantation

34
Q

LH usage in menstrual cycle

A

From pituitary gland
Stimulates ovulation (follicle moves to ovary edge, egg released from follicle)

35
Q

What does the follicle become after ovulation and its functions

A

Corpus luteum
Makes progesterone

36
Q

Source and function of progesterone

A

Corpus luteum & (Placenta)
Maintain uterus lining thickness for implantation

37
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum when there’s no fertilisation

A

Degrades (x progesterone)
Uterus lining shed
Period

38
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum when there’s fertilisation

A

Degrades after the formation of placenta (12w)

39
Q

Rearrange the stages of the menstruation cycle
Progesterone, FSH, oestrogen, LH
1. Egg release from ovaries
2. Uterus lining breaks down, period of bleeding
3. Maintain uterus lining
4. Build up uterus lining

A

2, 4, 1, 3

Bio 4th Yr Mid-yrs (19 decks)

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