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Human reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a gonad

A

an organ that produces sex cells

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2
Q

sexual reproduction

A

reproduction involving two parents

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3
Q

describe the role of the testies

A

act as both an endocrine gland and an excocrine gland

produces sperm cells by mitosis
produces testostrone

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4
Q

describe the role of the epididymis

A

matures and stores sperm cells

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5
Q

describe the role of the sperm duct

A

transports sperm cells from testes to urethra

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6
Q

describe the role of the seminal vesicle
prostate gland
cowpers gland

A

produces seminal fluid for sperm to swim
contains fructose for nourishment

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7
Q

describe the role of the urethra

A

carries sperm to outside the body
carries urine to outside the body

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8
Q

what is seman composed off

A

sperm and seminal fluid

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9
Q

describe the role of the penis

A

transfers sperm to the female body

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10
Q

name/describe the features of the sperm

A

head- acrosome ( Digest outer membrane of egg)
nucleus (Contains 23 chromosomes)
middle - collar (Contains many mitochondia which provides sperm with energy to swim long distances)
falgellum- tail- allowes sperm to swim up fallopian tubes

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11
Q

how long can sperm survive in the female reproductive system

A

0-7 days

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12
Q

How long can the egg survive in the female reproductive system

A

1-2 days

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13
Q

what is the role of meiosis in sperm and egg production

A

halves the chromosome number to produce haploid cells allow for gamate production
it introduces vairation

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14
Q

what is primary sexual charateristics

A

presence of make and female reproductice parts

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15
Q

what are secondary sex charateristics

A

charateristics that distinguish males and females apart from reproductive organs/ traits that appar during pubery.

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16
Q

Is nuclear inheirance maternal or paterinal

A

only the head of the sperm enters egg.

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17
Q

non nuclear inheirtance

A

inheirtance is when genes are passed to offspring ofter then the nucles

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18
Q

what are the males secondary sexual charateistics what is it controlled by

A

controlled by testosterone
deeping of voice
growth of facial + pubic + body hair
brodening of shoulders

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19
Q

name female secondary sexual charateristcs

A

breasts develop
controlled by oestrongen
widening of hips
growth of public hair

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20
Q

name the three male hormones , where they are produces and their function

A

testosterone-produced by testes- development of sex organs, development of secondary sexual charateristics

follicle stimulating hormone- pitutary gland- causes sperm development in testes

Luteinising horomone-pitutar gland- causes production of testosterone by testes

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21
Q

Infertility

A

the inability to achieve conception

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22
Q

name a cause of male infertility, treatment and prevention

A

low sperm count
caused by use of drugs, alcohol, cigarettes and anablic steriods
treated by a change in lifestyle, stop alcohol consumption and stop smoking cigrettes
prevented by a healthy lifestyle.

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23
Q

name a cause of female infertility

A

failure to ovulate- caused by an horomone imbalance
treatment is adminstration of an revelent horomone

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24
Q

what is IVF (in vitro fertilisation)

A

removing eggs from an ovary and fertilising them with sperm cells outside the body
the fertilised eggs develop into embryos and are placed back into the uterus to implant

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25
what is the function of the ovaries
produces egg cell my meiosis produces progesterone andd oestrogen (develops secondary sex charateristcs)
26
In vitro fertilisation why are several eggs removed?
to increase the chances of sucessful implantation
27
What is implantation
implantation is the embedding of zygote in lining of the endometrium
28
what is the function of the fallopian tube
carries egg cell from ovary fertilisation occours here
29
what is the function of the endometrium
contains blood vessles which provide nutrients to embryo implantation occours here
30
what is the function of the uterus
holds the foetues during pregnancy.
31
what is the function of the vagina
birth canal alows entry of sperm during intercourse
32
what is the function of cervix
entry to uterus
33
name a menstral disorder, name the symptoms, cause, treatment
Fibroids begnine uterine tumours heavy and prolonged menstural bleeding horomonal cause- abnornal response to oestrogen
34
what is ovulation
relese of an egg from the ovary
35
Describe the process that occours in ovulation
the potential diploid egg cell divides by meiosis to form the graffian follicle. the graffian follilcle releases the egg on day 14 and turnd in the to corpus luteum
36
how long is average menstural cycle
28 days
37
what is menstruation
when the lining of the uterus breaks down and is shed from the body
38
the fertile period
time during the menstural cycle where fertilisation can take place
39
describe the four horomones that control the menstural cycle
FSH (follicle stimulating hormomone) produced by pitutary gland stimulated the development of the graffian follicle Oestrogen produced by the graffian follicle (in the ovary) causes endometrium to develop inhinits FSH production stimulated production LS production LH (lutenising horomone) produces by pitutary gland and causes ovulation Progestrone produced by the corpous luteum maintains the endometrium Inhibits FHS and LS production
40
feedback mechanism
when levels of one horomone control the prodiction of itself or another horomone
41
fertilisation
the fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei to form a diploid zygote, occours in the fallofian tube
42
insemination
the release of semen into the vagina at the cervix
43
simply describe the process leading up to fertilisation
insemination- the release of semen into the vagins at cervix the egg releases chemicals (chemotaxis) the acrosome digests outer egg membrane this forms a zygote an implantation membrane prevents other sperm from entering
44
After insemination describe the stages up until implantation
the zygote divides many times via mitosis to form a solid ball of cells called the morula the morula divides by mitosis to form a fluid filled ball of cells called the blastocyst- the trophoblast forms the amion and the placenta the inner cell mass forms the embryonic disc the blastocyst embeds into the endometrium
45
what is the ammion and its function
a membrane that forms around the embryo and scretes amiontic fluid
46
what is the placenta made from
endometrium tissue and embryonic tissue
47
how is the placenta formed?
the embryo forms an outer layer called an chorion the chorion develop into projection villi
48
what are the functions of the placenta
it allows for exchanges of nutrients, wastes, gasses, antibodies produces progestrone barrier proventing blood of mother and fortus from mixing
49
why is it crucial the blood of the mother does not mix with the baby
the blood groups of the mother and baby may not be compatable the blood pressure maybe damage the foetus
50
what is the umbilical cord and describe its functions
connects the placenta with the embryo and contains blood vessles which may cause damage to the embryo
51
What is a germ layer
a group of embryonic cells that develop into different tissues and organs
52
name the three germ layers and the organ or system they form
ectoderm - skin, hair, nails mesoderm- muscles ,skeleton Endoderm- liver- pancreas- respiatory system
53
What is gestation
development of the embryo in the uterus until birth
54
how long is gestation in humans
40 wks
55
name key stages in the babys develops at X weeks
4-5 weeks- the heart forms, brain develops,limbs form 6 Weeks- eyes are visable, skeleton develops 12 weeks- **Testes or ovaries form** bone replaces catilage End of 3rd month, nerves + nerves corrdinate
56
Describe the horomones involves in birth
placenta stops producing progesterone, the walls of uterus contract. the pitutary gland released oxytocin and causes uterine contractions
57
name the stages of labour and breifly describe what occours
stage 1 -cervix dialates -mucus plug falls out -amnion breaks- amiontic fluid released Stage 2 -uterine contractions push foetus through cervix and vagina umbilical cord is tied and cut Stage 3 -Contractions expell afterbirth (umbilical cord and placenta)
58
What is lactation
the secretion of milk drom the mammary glands
59
what is lactation caused by
prolactin (secreted by the pitutary gland)
60
Advantages of breastfeeding
colostrum + breast milk contain antibodies. Contain ideal balance of nutrients for baby has little fat, making it easier for baby to digest
61
What is birth control
taking steps to reduce the number of children born
62
what is contraception
using methods to prevent fertilisation or pregnancy
63
name a form of mechanical contaception
condoms- a physical barrier
64
name a form of natural contraception
intercourse avoided during fertile perood
65
name a form of chemical contraception
contraceptive pill
66
name a form of surgival contraception
sterilisation or vacectomy

Biology (34 decks)

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