The Skeleton

Question 1

Tissue

Answer 1

a group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function.

Question 2

Tendon

Answer 2

a tissue that connects muscle to bone -strong, flexable,inelastic

Question 3

Ligament

Answer 3

a tissue that connects bone to bone-stong,fibrous,slightly elastic

Question 4

Anatagonistic muscle pair

Answer 4

a pair of muscle working together with opposing actions

Question 5

osteblasts

Answer 5

produce new bone cells

Question 6

osteoclasts

Answer 6

digest old bone cells

Question 7

what does the axial skeleton consist of?
name their functions

Answer 7

skull (fused joint) - protects brain
vertebrae (slightly movable joint) - seperted by cartilage + protects the spinal cord
sternum and ribs- protection of organs

Question 8

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
name their functions

Answer 8

pectorial girdle.
Limbs.
pevlic girdle.
support and protections

Question 9

Name the bones in the arm and hands

Answer 9

humerus,radius,ulna
carpals,metacarpals,phalanges

Question 10

name the bones in the legs and feet

Answer 10

femur,patells,tibia,fibia
tarsals,metatarsalt,phalanges

Question 11

functions of the skeleton

Answer 11

support-hold body upright
protection-brain,spine,heart,lungs
moevment-muscle attached to bone,contract and relax
production of blood cells-red and white blood cells and platelets

Question 12

Cartilage, whats its made up of and its uses

Answer 12

connective tissue.
strong and flexable.
made up of cells and collagen(protein) shock absorber and Reduces friction
form certain parts of the body

Question 13

Bone,whats its made up of

Answer 13

strong and rigid
made up of cells,collagen +calcium

Question 14

Compact outer layer

Answer 14

structure and rigidity, osteoclasts emedded in a matrix of calcium salt and collagen

Question 15

spongy bone

Answer 15

both ends of bone.
mesh structure (bony bars and columes )with soft bone
structure and rigidity

Question 16

medullary cavity

Answer 16

hollow centre of bone which containfat rich yellow marrow

Question 17

What does bone marrow produce and name the function of each of these substances

Answer 17

yellow marrow - inactive ( can be convrted into red marrow if needed)and stores fat
red marrow - located in ribs, pelvis (produces red blood cells amd white blood cells,platelats)

Question 18

the top of the bone is called

Answer 18

the head/ Epiphysis

Question 19

the middle of the bone is called

Answer 19

shaft /diaphysis

Question 20

name a deffciency disorder of the skeletal system, its cause,symptoms, treatment and prevention

Answer 20

Osteoporosis.
Cause: porous bones + loss of bone density caused by Poor diet and lack of exercise
symptoms: brittle and easily breakable bones.
treatment/prevention: supplements,exercise, improved diet rich in calcium

Question 21

Describe bone renewl

Answer 21

needs vitamin D + Calcium
Osteoclasts digest old bone into medulla cavity and release calcium into blood for the formation of new bone.Osteoblasts produce new bone

Question 22

what does bone formation depend on

Answer 22

physical activity,horomones,diet

Question 23

Name the type of ribs in the ribs and the amount

Answer 23

true ribs attached to the stermun (7)
False ribs attached to eachother by cartilage (3)
Floating ribs only attached to the spine(2)

Question 24

Name the parts of the spine and their amount

Answer 24

Cervical 7
thoracic 12
lumber 5
sacrum 5
coccyx 4
(the sacrum and the coccyx are fused)

Question 25

Name the structured visible in the LS of a joint

Answer 25

femur,patella,ligament,capsule,tibia, cartilage, synovial fluid

Question 26

what is a joint

Answer 26

where two or more bones meet

Question 27

name the 3 types of joints

Answer 27

**Immovable/fused** -skull **Slightly moveable**- joint in vertebrae **Freely moveable/synovial joint** - ball and socket, hinge joints

Question 28

What is the synovial membrane in freely moveable/synovial joint responsible for

Answer 28

synovial membrane in these joints produces synovial fluid which acts as a luberciations.This reduces frictions and acts as shock absorber.

Question 29

what is muscle

Answer 29

contractile tissue composed of the protein myosin

Question 30

Name the three types of skeletal muscle

Answer 30

**Skeletal muscle**: contractile tissue that is voluntary **smooth muscle**: found in internal structures.under involuntary control, does not tire **cardiac muscle**: involuntary muscle,never fatigues.eg heart wall

Question 31

Describe movement of bones

Answer 31

muscle connects to bone by tendons.muscle contract + shorten,pulling on bone,causing it to move. Muscle relaxes + lenghtrns,moves bone in opposite direction

Question 32

explain how antagonistic muscle pairs work

Answer 32

muscles work in pairs known s antagonistic muscle pairs working opposite to echother. EG bicept and triceps. when bicept contracts the tricept releases. these muscles work together as muscle only have the ability to contract(push) and cannot pull

Question 33

describe the lenghting of bone in teenagers

Answer 33

occours in growth plates of bone. growth plates are made up of cartilage and found between shaft and head of bone growth plates produce cartilage(stimulated by hormones) cartilage changes to bone growth plate changes to bone in adults and stops bone growth

Question 34

bone formation

Answer 34

forms from the mesoderm layer starts as cartilage in the embryo ***ossification*** osteoblast cells convert cartilage into bone. hardens due calcium