HUME

Question 1

What is the definition of epistemology?

Answer 1

IS THE BRANCH OF KNOWLEDGE IN PHILOSOPHY AND HOW WE COME TO KNOW THINGS

Question 2

What is the definition of rationalism?

Answer 2

IS THE BELIEF THAT KNOWLEDGE CAN BE GAINED THROUGH REASON WITHOUT SENSE EXPERIENCE. RATIONALISTS BELIEVE THAT CURTAINED KNOWLEDGE CAN BE ATTAINED THROUGH INNATE IDEAS OF PURE REASON

Question 3

What is the definition of empiricism?

Answer 3

IS THE BELIEF THAT KNOWLEDGE CAN ONLY BE GAINED THROUGH EXPERIENCE. EMPIRICISTS REJECT THE EXISTENCE OF INNATE IDEAS AND ARGUE THAT ALL KNOWLEDGE COMES FROM SENSORY EXPERIENCE

Question 4

What is the definition of scepticism?

Answer 4

THE VIEW THAT KNOWLEDGE IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ATTAIN BECAUSE IT IS NOT POSSIBLE FOR ANU KNOWLEDGE CLAIM TO BE PROPERLY JUSTIFIED

Question 5

What is the definition of a priori knowledge?

Answer 5

KNOWLEDGE HAINED THROUGH REASON

Question 6

What is the definition of posteriori knowledge?

Answer 6

KNOWLEDGE GAINED THROUGH SENSE EXPERIENCE

Question 7

Why is Hume making “An Enquiry into Human Understanding”

Answer 7

HE IS LOOKING TO INVESTIGATE HUMAN UNDERSTANDING | HE WANTS TO DETERMINE HOW WE GAIN KNOWLEDGE

Question 8

What is Hume’s aim in Section II ‘The Origin of Idea’?

Answer 8

DETERMINE HOW WE COME TO HAVE IDEAS

Question 9

What are impressions associated with?

Answer 9

OUTWARD AND INWARD SENSATIONS

Question 10

What are ideas associated with?

Answer 10

MEMORY AND IMAGINATION | THE ACTIVITY OF REFLECTING ON OUR IMPRESSIONS

Question 11

What is Hume’s examples of of heat?

Answer 11

IDEAS LESS LIVELY THAN IMPRESSIONS | WHEN A MAN FEELS THE PAIN OF EXCESSIVE HEAT OR THE PLEASURE OF MODERATE WARMTH THIS WILL ALWAYS FEEL MORE VIVID THAN REMEMBERING THE PAIN OF HEAT OR LOOKING FORWARD TO THE PLEASURE OF WARMTH

Question 12

What are inward and outward impressions?

Answer 12

OUTWARD - ARISE FROM SENSES | BEGIN OUTSIDE OF OURSELVES | INWARD - FEELINGS ARISING FROM INSIDE US

Question 13

What are Hume’s examples of love and anger?

Answer 13

ANGER - FEELING ANGRY IS MORE VIVID THAN THINKING ABOUT FEELING ANGRY | LOVE - THINKING OF THE IDEA OF BEING IN LOVE IS VERY DIFFERENT TO ACTUALLY BEING IN LOVE

Question 14

Why can we imagine things we have never experienced?

Answer 14

COMBINE - PUT TWO OR MORE SIMPLE IDEAS TOGETHER | TRANSPOSE - CHANGE THE POSITION OF SOMETHING | ENLARGE - MAKE BIGGER | SHRINK - MAKE SMALLER

Question 15

What is Hume’s example of a golden mountain and a virtuous horse?

Answer 15

GOLDEN MOUNTAIN - TAKE IDEAS OF GOLDEN AND MOUNTAIN AND COMBINE THESE | VIRTUOUS HORSE - TAKE IDEAS OF VIRTUE AND HORSE AND COMBINE THESE

Question 16

What is Hume’s supporting argument of God?

Answer 16

COPY PRINCIPLE | WE HAVE SIMPLE IDEAS OF WISDOM AND GOODNESS AND CREATE COMPLEX IDEA OF GOD BY AUGMENTING THESE SIMPLE IDEAS

Question 17

What denies relevant impressions?

Answer 17

MALFUNCTIONING SENSES (DEAF MAN CANT HEAR SOUNDS + BLIND MAN CANT SEE COLOUR) | ABSENCE OF EXPERIENCE (GENTLE PERSON HAS NO IDEA OF REVENGE OR CRUELTY + SELFISH PERSON HAS NO IDEA OF GENEROSITY OR FRIENDSHIP) | SPECIES LIMITATIONS (ECHOLOCATION)

Question 18

What is the missing shade of blue?

Answer 18

COUNTEREXAMPLE | EACH SHADE/COLOUR IS A DISTINCT IDEA | IF THERE WAS A GRADUATION OF DIFFERENT SHADES OF BLUE SHOWN BUT THERE WAS ONE MISSING A MAN WOULD BE ABLE TO HAVE AN IDEA OF THIS COLOUR | HUME CLAIMS IT IS A SINGULAR EXAMPLE THEREFORE WE CAN JUST IGNORE IT

Question 19

What are criticisms of section 2?

Answer 19

IDEAS CAN SEEM TO BE MORE VIVID THAN IMPRESSIONS | PROBLEMS WITH THE MISSING SHADE OF BLUE AS A COUNTEREXAMPLE | IMPRESSIONS CAN BE UNRELIABLE | OUR IDEAS DO NOT ALWAYS MIRROR OUR IMPRESSIONS

Question 20

What are relations of ideas and matters of fact?

Answer 20

RELATIONS OF IDEAS - THINGS WE KNOW A PRIORI (BY REASON ALONE) TO BE NECESSARILY TRUE | MATTERS OF FACT - ONLY BE KNOWN POSTERIORI (BY EXPERIENCE) TO BE TRUE

Question 21

What does Hume plan to investigate in section 4?

Answer 21

WHY WE BELIEVE CERTAIN MATTERS OF FACT EVEN IF WE DONT HAVE DIRECT EXPERIENCE OF THEM

Question 22

What are Hume’s examples to demonstrate that the matters of fact we haven’t experienced relies on the relationship of cause and effect?

Answer 22

FRIEND IN FRANCE | WATCH ON A DESERTED ISLAND | HEARING SPEECH IN THE DARK

Question 23

What is Hume’s Adam example?

Answer 23

ADAM — ACCORDING TO MYTH WAS THE FIRST MAN ALIVE THEREFORE HE DID NOT HAVE THE IMPRESSIONS OF OTHERS | ADAM WOULD NOT KNOW BY LOOKING AT WATER IT COULD DROWN HIM | HE WOULD HAVE TO EXPERIENCE BEING UNDER WATER AND TRYING TO BREATHE | HE WOULD NOT KNOW BY THE LIGHT AND HEAT OF FIRE THAT IT COULD BURN HIM | HE WOULD HAVE TO TOUCH IT TO KNOW

Question 24

What are the examples Hume uses for people who would intuitively agree with him?

Answer 24

WHEN PEOPLE REMEMBER A TIME WHEN THEY DID NOT UNDERSTAND THE WAY AN OBJECT WORKS | EVENTS WHICH ARE UNUSUAL AND NOT LIKE THE NORMAL COURSE OF NATURE | WHEN SOMETHING IS COMPLEX OR HAS PARTS WE DON’T KNOW OF

Question 25

What are the examples Hume uses for people who would intuitively disagree with him?

Answer 25

WHEN THEY HAVE BEEN ACCUSTOMED TO SOMETHING THROUGHOUT OUR LIVES | WHEN THE EVENT IS LIKE MOST OTHER EVENTS IN NATURE | WHEN THE EVENT IS SIMPLE WHICH DOES NOT HAVE ANY HIDDEN PARTS OR COMPLEXITIES

Question 26

What is the billiard ball example and stones example?

Answer 26

BILLIARD BALL - BY REASON ALONE WE COULD NOT TELL THAY ONE BILLIARD BALL STRIKING ANOTHER WOULD CAUSE IT TO MOVE | BOTH BALLS MAY STAY STILL OR THE FIRST BOUNCE OFF THE SECOND | STONES - WE COULD NOT TELL BY REASON ALONE THAT RELEASING A STONE WOULD CAUSE IT TO FALL | IT MAY SHOOT UPWARDS

Question 27

Why does Hume reject science and mathematics as counter-examples?

Answer 27

BECAUSE IT DOESN’T ALLOW US TO HAVE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CAUSE AND EFFECT BASED ON REASON ALONE

Question 28

What are the examples of bread and coal Hume uses to support the claim we do not use reason to generalise from past experience?

Answer 28

BREAD - IF WE ARE GIVEN SOMETHING THAT LOOKS AND FEELS LIKE BREAD WE WOULD EXPECT IT TO NOURISH US JUST THE SAME | “I have found that such and such an object has always had such and such an effect” | COAL - FROM PAST EXPERIENCE WE KNOW COAL HAS BEEN CONSUMED BY FIRE THEREFORE WE BELIEVE IT ALWAYS WILL | “I foresee that other objects which appear similar will have similar effects”

Question 29

What quote does Hume use when talking about the past predicting the future?

Answer 29

“All inferences from experience are based on the assumption that the future will resemble the past… so no arguments from experience can support this resemblance of the past to the future, because all such arguments are based on the assumption of that resemblance”

Question 30

Why does Hume not believe there can be logical reasoning involved in drawing conclusions regarding cause and effect?

Answer 30

BECAUSE THE UNINTELLIGENT, CHILDREN AND ANIMALS ARE ABLE TO DRAW THESE CONCLUSIONS

Question 31

What are criticisms of Section 4?

Answer 31

ISSUES WITH HUMES FORK | HUME IS INCORRECT TO SAY SCIENCE RELIES ON INDUCTIVE REASONING | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IS MORE COMPLEX THAN HUME SUGGESTS