Hume Section Four | Essay Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is the structure of Hume’s Section Four essay?
INTRODUCTION | OVERVIEW | CAUSE AND EFFECT | SUPPORTING EXAMPLES | CAUSE AND EFFECT NOT A PRIORI | OUR REASONING ON MATTER OF FACT ARE BASED ON EXPERIENCE = NOT GOOD ENOUGH | THE FUTURE MIGHT NOT RESEMBLE THE PAST | ISSUES WITH HUME’S FORK | HUME IS INCORRECT WHEN SAYING SCIENCE RELIES ON INDUCTIVE REASONING | HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IS MORE COMPLEX THAN HUME SUGGESTS | PERSONAL JUDGEMENT
What is the structure of the introduction?
IN THIS ESSAY I WILL… | I WILL PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW | I WILL RAISE AND RESPOND TO CRITICISMS | I WILL CONCLUDE WITH MY OWN PERSONAL JUDGEMENT
What is the structure of the overview?
EMPIRICIST | AIM | RELATIONS OF IDEAS AND MATTERS OF FACT | EXAMPLE
What is an empiricist?
SOMEONE WHO BELIEVES KNOWLEDGE IS GAINED THROUGH EXPERIENCE
What was Hume’s aim with section 4 of his Enquiry?
DOUBT THE KNOWLEDGE WE BELIEVE BASED ON OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CAUSE AND EFFECT
What is the difference between relations of ideas and matters of fact?
RELATIONS OF IDEAS - KNOWN THROUGH REASON (ARITHMETIC + GEOMETRY - ‘Three times five equals half of thirty’) | MATTERS OF FACT - THINGS WE KNOW THROUGH EXPERIENCE
What is the structure of cause and effect?
EXAMPLES | FIRE AND LIGHT EXAMPLES | KNOWLEDGE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT CANNOT BE KNOWN A PRIORI
What are the three examples Hume used to show we use cause and effect to have beliefs about things we haven’t experienced?
ASSUMING FRIEND IS IN FRANCE BECAUSE OF A POSTCARD | DISCOVERING A WATCH ON AN ISLAND AND CONCLUDING PEOPLE WERE THERE | HEARING TALKING IN THE DARK AND ASSUMING SOMEONE IS IN THE ROOM
What are the fire and light examples?
SEEING LIGHT AND ASSUMING THERE IS HEAT BECAUSE WE ASSUME THE CAUSE OF THE LIGHT IS A FIRE
What is the structure of supporting examples?
ADAM | AGREE EXAMPLES | DISAGREE EXAMPLES
What is the Adam example?
ADAM ACCORDING TO MYTH IS THE FIRST MAN ALIVE THEREFORE HE COULD DOES NOT HAVE THE EXPERIENCES OF OTHER TO LIVE BY | HE WOULD NOT KNOW BY LOOKING AT WATER IT COULD DROWN HIM, HE WOULD HAVE TO EXPERIENCE BEING UNDER WATER AND TRYING TO BREATH TO KNOW | HE WOULD ALSO NOT KNOW FROM THE LIGHT AND HEAT OF A FIRE IT COULD BURN HIM
What are the examples Hume used for people who would agree with him?
WHEN PEOPLE REMEMBER A TIME WHEN THEY DID NOT UNDERSTAND THE WAY AN OBJECT WORKS | EVENTS WHICH ARE UNUSUAL AND NOT A PART OF NORMAL NATURE | WHEN SOMETHING IS COMPLEX
What are the three examples Hume used for people who would disagree with him?
WHEN PEOPLE HAVE BEEN ACCUSTOMED TO SOMETHING THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES | WHEN THE EVENT IS SOMETHING WHICH HAPPENS DURING THE NORMAL COURSE OF NATURE | WHEN SOMETHING IS SIMPLE AND HAS NO HIDDEN COMPLEXITIES
What is the structure of cause and effect not a priori?
BILLIARD BALLS AND STONES EXAMPLES | SCIENCE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS
What is the billiard ball example?
BY REASON ALONE WE COULD NOT TELL THAT ONE BILLIARD BALL STRIKING ANOTHER WULD CAUSE IT TO MOVE | BOTH BALLS COULD HAVE STAYES TILL OR THE FIRST BALL COULD HAVE BOUNCED OFF THE SECOND
What is the stones example?
WE COULDN’T TELL BY REASON ALONE RELEASING A STONE WOULD CAUSE IT TO FALL | IT MAY HAVE SHOOT UPWARDS
What did Hume say about science and applied mathematics when talking about knowledge not being known a priori?
SCIENCE REPEATS THINGS MEANING WE LEARN IT THROUGH EXPERIENCE NOT REASON
What is the structure of our reasoning on matter of fact are based on experience = not good enough
CONCLUSION | CUSTOM AND HABIT | BREAD EXAMPLE | QUOTE | COAL EXAMPLE | QUOTE
What conclusion did Hume get to in part 1 of section 4?
WE CANNOT HAVE UNDERSTANDING ABOUT CAUSE AND EFFECT WITHOUT EXPERIENCE
What is the bread example? And what quote backs this up?
SINCE WE KNOW BREAD HAS NOURISHED US IN THE PAST IF WE WERE PRESENTED SOMETHING THAT SEEMED LIKE BREAD WE WOULD ASSUME IT WOULD NOURISH US JUST THE SAME | “I foresee that other objects which appear similar will have similar effects”
What is the coal example? And what quote backs this up?
BECAUSE OF APST EXPERIENCE WE KNOW COAL HAS BEEN CONSUMED BY FIRE BEFORE BUT WE ASSUME THIS WOULD HAPPEN AGAIN EVEN THOUGH THERE IS NO PROOF THIS IS TRUE | “I have found that such and such and object has always had such and such an effect”
What is the structure of the future might not resemble the past?
QUOTE | EMPIRICISM DOES NOT BEAT SCEPTICISM IN REGARDS TO CAUSATION
What quote does Hume use to back up that we cannot use the past to predict the future?
“All inferences from experience are based on the assumption that the future will resemble the past”
Why does Hume think there can be no logical reasoning involved in drawing conclusions regarding cause and effect?
BECAUSE THE UNINTELLIGENT, CHILDREN AND ANIMALS ARE ABLE TO DRAW THESE CONCLUSIONS
