Hyperlipidaemia and Atherosclerosis Flashcards
(14 cards)
Differentiate between primary and secondary hyperlipidaemia.
Primary hyperlipidaemia - mainly due to a genetic deficiency.
Secondary hyperlipidaemia - due to lifestyle and other metabolic diseases.
What are the categories of lipoproteins?
HDL
Chylomicrons
VLDL, IDL & LDL
Explain the categories of lipoproteins.
HDL -Transport endogenous cholesterol from tissues to the liver.
Chylomicrons -Transport exogenous TAG & cholesterol from the intestines to tissues.
VLDL, IDL and LDL - Transport endogenous TAG & cholesterol from liver to tissues (liver produces TAG from excess CHO)
Causes of hyperlipidaemia
a.Genetic causes
b.Primary hypercholesterolaemia
c.Secondary hypercholesterolaemia
d.Hypertriglyceridaemia
Diagnosis of hyperlipidaemia
No obvious symptoms in most cases.
Blood test is recommended in fasting conditions.
Should be tested regularly for >40 years old; with family history of CVDs.
Treatment of hyperlipidaemia
Healthy balanced diet Regular exercise
Regular intake of Omega-3 FAs
limiting alcohol intake &
avoid smoking.
Medications:
Statins: Inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis (HMG-CoA reductase)
Aspirin: Anti-platelet drug that inhibits platelet activation
Ezetimibe: Blocks the absorption of cholesterol from food and bile
What is atherosclerosis?
Hardening of arteries due to non-plaque factors.
Development of atherosclerosis
1.Endothelial cell injury
2.Migration of LDLs
3. Adhesion, migration & transformation of monocytes
4. Engulfing ox-LDLs
5. Migration and proliferation of SMCs
6. Expansion and occlusion
What does the structure of the artery wall consist of?
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Risk factors of atherosclerosis
Major risk factors
Unchangeable factors
Family history
Ageing
Gender (male)
Other genetic factors
Minor risk factors
Physical inactivity
Poor diet
Heavy stress
Alcohol
Modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis
Smoking
Hypertension
Metabolic diseases
Hyperlipidaemia
Diagnosis of atherosclerosis
Blood tests
CT scan
Electrocardiogram
Angiogram
Echocardiogram
Treatment of atherosclerosis
Surgical procedures
Anti-platelet drugs to prevent thrombosis.
Anti-hypertensives: ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and diuretics
Examples of surgical procedures for treating atherosclerosis
CABG
Carotid endarterectomy
Carotid angioplasty
