Separation Techniques/ Renal infections Flashcards
(26 cards)
What affects separation?
Differences in distribution and/ or mobility of molecules
What does electrophoresis involve?
Movement of charged particles in an applied electric field.
What does membrane separation involve?
Small molecules are removed down a concentration gradient.
What does chromatography involve?
Components of a mixture are separated based on differences in the rate at which they are carried through a stationary phase by a gaseous or liquid mobile phase.
What does a high performance liquid chromatography consist of?
Detector
Data processing
Column
Auto sampler
Solvent reservoir
What are the types of high-performance liquid chromatography?
Normal phase- Polar stationary phase, non-polar mobile phase
Reverse phase - Non-polar stationary phase, polar mobile phase.
What is elution?
Is the process of washing sample components through the stationary phase by continuous flow of the mobile phase.
What is chromatogram?
Component is eluted off the column and detected, causing a peak.
What are the factors that affect retention time?
Flow rate of mobile phase.
Composition of mobile and stationary phase.
Factors that affect and induce band broadening
Flow rate
Packing of the stationary phase
Path of the molecule through the column
Factors that affect peak broadening
Eddy diffusion
Resistance to mass transfer
Longitudinal diffusion
How does eddy diffusion affect peak broadening?
Broadening of peaks due to different analytes taking different paths through the stationary phase.
How does the resistance to mass transfer affect peak broadening?
Band broadening due to resistance to the diffusion of the molecule in the mobile and stationary phase.
How does longitudinal diffusion affect peak broadening?
Analyte concentration higher at the centre of the band so diffuses out to the edges
Types of HPLC detectors
responsive to physical and chemical properties of sample components (e.g., UV and fluorescence detectors)
responsive to changes in properties of the mobile phase (e.g., refractive index detector)
What are the causes of lower UTI?
Bacteria
What are the risk factors of lower UTI?
Female, sexual activity, pregnancy, post-menopausal, predisposition, diabetes
What are the symptoms of lower UTI?
Increased urgency and frequency, burning in urination, strong-smelling urine, and blood in urine
What are some red flags of lower UTI?
loin pain, nausea/vomiting, haematuria
How is lower UTI diagnosed?
Clinical symptoms, dipstick/urinalysis
Treatment of UTI
1st line treatment (women, uncomplicated, not pregnant):
Short course nitrofurantoin 100mg (MR) BD, 3 days (or 50mg QDS)
1st line In pregnancy (complicated – see later): Nitrofurantoin (not at term) as non-pregnant women but longer duration: 7 days
1st line treatment (men):
Nitrofurantoin 100mg (MR) BD, 7 days (or 50mg QDS)
1st line treatment (children >3 months):
Nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim 3 days (dose depends on age)
Ideally with culture results
Risk factors of Upper UTI
Female, obstruction or underlying abnormality, diabetes, pregnancy, immunocompromised, catheterisation
Symptoms of Upper UTI
painful urination, cloudy urine, fever, nausea
Treatment of Upper UTI
Depends on the patient, severity and organism. Cefalexin 500mg BD/TD 7-10 days (can be used pregnancy)
Trimethoprim 200mg BD 14 days (if sensitive)
Ciprofloxacin 500mg/BD, 7 days** consider safety
Co-amoxiclav (500/125mg) BD, 7-10 days (if sensitive)
