*Hypertension Flashcards
(69 cards)
2 categories of hypertension according to cause?
Definition
Primary (essential) - not caused by another disease process - 90% of cases of hypertension
Secondary - caused by an underlying disease
What is the blood pressure value for hypertension?
Clinical B.P. > 140/90 mmHg
ABPM = 135/85 mmHg (24 hour average)
What are some of the factors associated with primary hypertension? (6)
Genetics Foetal factors Obesity Alcohol intake sodium intake stress
What are some underlying diseases that can cause secondary hypertension? (6 - with examples)
Fibromuscular dysplasia (abnormal growth within the wall of an artery)
Obstructive sleep apnoea
Renal disease e.g. renal artery stenosis
Drug therapy
Endocrine disease e.g. Cushing’s , hyperparathyroidism, phaeochromocyctoma, aldosteronism
Aortic disease e.g. coarctation
What is white coat syndrome?
Hypertension only in a clinical setting
What is masked hypertension?
Hypertension normal in clinical setting but patient is hypertensive outwith clinical setting
Classification of hypertension according to consequence?
Defintion?
Benign - often asymptomatic and develops over a relatively long period of time
Malignant - BP rises rapidly and is associated with severe hypertension, requires urgent treatment
Stage 1 hypertension?
Clinical = > or equal to 140/90
ABPM/ HBPM = > or equal to 135/85
Stage 2 hypertension?
Clinical = > or equal to 160/100
ABPM/ HBPM = > or equal to 150/95
Severe hypertension/ stage 3 hypertension?
Clinical = > or equal to 180 sys. OR 110 diast.
What does hypertension increase the risk of?
Vascular disease (ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease)
LVH -> Heart Failure
Retinopathy
Kidney disease
*for each increase in b.p. of 20mmHg systolic or 10mmHg diastolic, risk of CV disease doubles
What can be used to measure the risk of CVD? (2)
Assign score
UK JBS3 lifetime risk calculator
What can be used to look for retinopathy?
Fundoscopy
What can be used to look for kidney disease? (4)
Raised creatine
Proteinuria ( including Microalbuminuria)
Estimated glomerular filtrate rate
Urea and electrolytes
What tests should be carried out to look for signs of CVD due to hypertension?
12 lead ECG (looking LVH and signs of ischaemic heart disease)
Patients have their blood glucose and cholesterol levels measured
How is the diagnosis of hypertension confirmed?
If b.p. > 140/90mmHg, ambulatory (home blood pressure monitoring is also a suitable alternative) is carried out to confirm the diagnosis
What is involved in ABPM?
At least 2 measurements are taken per hour during patients normal waking hours (usually 14/day) + 1 measurement per hour for non-waking hours
(for 24 hours)
What is involved in HBPM?
Measurement taken twice a day by the patient at home for at least 4 days (preferentially 7 days)
Measurements for day 1 are disregarded and average value for remaining is taken
For each blood pressure reading, take 2 consecutive readings 1 minute apart
Take average of all readings (apart from day 1) to confirm diagnosis of hypertension
What is added to a home bp measurement to convert it to a clinical measurement
10/5
Can you use an automatic blood pressure monitor if the patients blood pressure is irregular?
No, measure it manualyl
What are the 4 blood pressure statuses that can be measured?
Normotesntion
Sustained hypertension
Masked hypertension
White coat hypertension
What is postural hypertension?
Increase in systolic bp by 20mmHg or more when standing
If patient has symptoms of postural hypertension, how should their blood pressure be measured?
Sitting/ supine and then again after 1min of standing
What are the 4 areas of change in a patients lifestyle that can help improve hypertension?
Smoking
Diet
Weight reduction and exercise
Alcohol consumption
