hypothalamus and limbic

Question 1

where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 1

diencephalon

Question 2

what does the hypothalmus do? be specific

Answer 2

maintains homeostasis,

water  balance
food intake
temp
circadian rhythm
BP
stress responses

Question 3

where does hypothalamus get info?

Answer 3

forebrain

brainstem

sc

Question 4

what connects hypothalamus to post pituitary?

Answer 4

infundibular stalk

Question 5

what are the two zone of hypothalamic nuclei?

Answer 5

lateral and medial

Question 6

damage to lateral zone of hypothalamic nuclei causes what?

Answer 6

decrease in feeding behavior with weight loss

Question 7

what nuclei comprise the supraoptic region of hypothal?

Answer 7

supraoptic nucleus

suprachiasmatic nucleus

anterior nucleus

Question 8

what does the supraoptic nucleus contain? what does it effect? what if it doesnt work?

Answer 8

oxytocin and ADH

posterior pituitary

lesions cause diabetes

Question 9

what does the suprachiasmatic nucleus contain? what does it effect? what if it doesnt work?

Answer 9

retinal input and circadian rhythms

timing rest vs. activity

can abolish rhythms

Question 10

what does the anterior nucleus do?

Answer 10

visceral/somatic functions

temp regulation

Question 11

where does medial mammillary nucleus get info from and send info to?

Answer 11

afferents from hippocampus

efferents to thalamus and brainstem

Question 12

what do lesions to medial mammillary nucleus cause?

Answer 12

inability to make short term memory into long term memory

Question 13

what do lesions to ventromedial nucleus cause

Answer 13

too much eating and abnormal weight gain

Question 14

what does the dorsomedial nucleus do? what if its damaged? what if its stimulated?

Answer 14

emotional behavior

decreased aggression if damaged

stimulation causes sham rage

Question 15

what are the major afferent routes to hypothalamus?

Answer 15

fornix (comes from hippocampus)

medial forebrain bundle (through lateral hypothalamic zone)

amygdalohypothalamic fibers

Question 16

what are the efferent pathways of the hypothalamus?

Answer 16

mammillary fasciculus

hypothalamothalamic fibers

Question 17

mammillary fasciculus, where does it go?

Answer 17

to anterior nucleus of thalamus,

circuit of papez

Question 18

hypothalamothalmic fiber, where does it go? from where

Answer 18

from lateral preoptic area to

dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus

amygdaloid nucleus

Question 19

all vital functions of hypothalamus are controlled by what?

Answer 19

autonomic or endocrine systems

Question 20

what are the direct links of the hypothalamus to ANS?

Answer 20

hypothalamomedullary fibers
(solitary nucleus, dorsal vagal nucleus, nucleus ambiguus)

hypothalamospinal fibers (intermediolateral cell column)

Question 21

what disrupts direct links to ANS?

Answer 21

lesions in anterolateral medulla

Question 22

what are the indirect links of the hypothalamus to ANS?

Answer 22

posterior longitudinal fasciculus and mamillotegmental tract

target PAG

Question 23

how does supraopticohypophysial tract work?

Answer 23

neurons of SON and PVN

make oxytocin and ADH which go to posterior pituitary

store hormones in herring bodies

release them into capillary plexus of posterior pituitary

Question 24

how does tuberoinfundibular tract work?

Answer 24

releasing hormones to infundibulum and median eminence

has input from PVN and periventricular zone

Question 25

what is included in the limbic system?

Answer 25

subcallosal area, cingulate gyrus , parahippocampal gyrus, | uncus, hippocampal , subcortical nuclei

Question 26

where does limbic system receive input from and where does it output to? what does it influence?

Answer 26

receives input from brain and projects to brain areas influences behavior, memory and pain perception

Question 27

what is papez circuit?

Answer 27

anatomicophysiologic mechanism of emotion

Question 28

what is hippocampal formation involved with? what does it include?

Answer 28

learning and memory subiculum, dentate gyrus, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus

Question 29

what is the afferent pathway to hippocampus?

Answer 29

dentate gyrus to CA3 to CA1 to subiculum

Question 30

what is the effernt pathway of hippocampus

Answer 30

subiculum to fornix to medial mammillary nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, anterior nucleus

Question 31

what gives afferents to cingulate gyrus? projects to where?

Answer 31

thalamus and cortex entorhinal cortex via cingulum

Question 32

what is amygdala used for ?

Answer 32

motivational and emotional connotations of experience

Question 33

what is the papez circuit for?

Answer 33

role limbic system plays in modulating feelings

Question 34

what does the papez circuit consist of ?

Answer 34

cingulate gyrus to hippocampal formation hippocampus to fornix to medial mamillary nuclei medial mamillary nuclei to anterior nucleus anterior nucleus to cingulate gyrus

Question 35

what does septal region control

Answer 35

rage behavior

Question 36

what is medial forebrain bundle used for?

Answer 36

conduit for septal nuclei and hypothalamus to communicate with brainstem

Question 37

what is nucleus accumbens? where does it receive input? output?

Answer 37

behaviors including addiction and chronic pain amygdala and hippocampus input hypothalamus, brainstem and globus pallidus efferent

Question 38

what is hippocampal amnesia?

Answer 38

bilateral lesion of hippocampus cant learn new stuff only other deficits if surrounding areas damaged

Question 39

what is korsakoffs syndrome?

Answer 39

degeneration of mamillary bodies, hippocampus, dorsomedial thalamic nucleus difficulty learning new tasks, turning those into long term memory cant understand written material or have meaningful convo THIAMINE DEFICIENCY,ALCOHOL!! confabulate memories

Question 40

what is phantosmia? why?

Answer 40

distortion in a smell, perception of smell with no odor caused by abnormal sequence of neuronal activity lesion of anterior/medial lobe hippocampus/amygdala

Question 41

kluver bucy syndrome, what happens and why

Answer 41

bilateral temporal lobe lesions that abolish amygdaloid complex ``` visual agnosia hyperorality hypermetamorphosis placidity hyperphagia hypersexuality ```