learning and memory

Question 1

what allows us modify our behavior based on info?

Answer 1

learning and memory

Question 2

what is procedural memory?

Answer 2

implicity, reflexive

skills and habits that are used so much, intrinsic now

Question 3

what are the substrates to develop procedural memory?

Answer 3

cerebellum (motor)

nucleus accumbens (non motor)

Question 4

what is declarative memory? what are the 2 types

Answer 4

conscious recall of learned facts and experiences

episodic: events
semantic: words, language

Question 5

what are the substrates to develop declarative memory?

Answer 5

same as procedural

Question 6

how long does short term memory to last?

Answer 6

seconds to hours

Question 7

how long does long term memory last?

Answer 7

years

Question 8

how long does working memory last? what is it

Answer 8

recalling fact/memory for use

subset of short term memory

Question 9

what is required to make memories?

Answer 9

neuronal and spastic plasticity

Question 10

what is plasticity?

Answer 10

alterations of CNS

altered synapse function

physical structure of neurons changed

• more synapses
• new branches
• new dendrites, new soma

Question 11

how can synaptic functioning be altered

Answer 11

post tetanic stimulation

long term potentiation

Question 12

what happens with post tetanic stimulation

Answer 12

brief, high frequency discharge of neuron

increase in NT release, lasts 60 seconds

increase AP in post synaptic cells

Question 13

whats the mechanism of post tetanic stimulation?

Answer 13

more Ca enters terminal than can be dealt with

greater NT release

Question 14

what is long term potentiation (LTP)?

Answer 14

change in pre and post synaptic neurons

more NT released to create larger response via NMDA receptors

Question 15

for LTP, when Ca comes into cell, what happens?

Answer 15

calcium binds to calmodulin

increase AC, makes more cAMP

phosphorylates AMPA receptor

causes more Na to come in , responding to EAA

*also calcineurin activated, makes NO

Question 16

in a normal LTP, what does NO do?

Answer 16

diffuses out of cell

increases cGMP and NT release

Question 17

What does LTP increase gene transcription for? how is it relevant?

Answer 17

creb

link between synaptic functioning and structural changes

Question 18

what does creb cause? what does it induce

Answer 18

changes in pre and post synaptic cell structure

enzymes made

receptors made
structural proteins made

makes new synapses!

Question 19

how is protein synthesis relevant to making memories?

Answer 19

learning and the formation of new memories can be blocked by protein synthesis

Question 20

what are the 4 steps in making declarative memories?

Answer 20

1. encoding
2. storage
3. consolidation
4. retrieval

Question 21

what is encoding?

Answer 21

attending to new info and link it to previous info

emotion is important

Question 22

what is the storage of info?

Answer 22

retention of info over time, mostly short term

long term capacity is not limited

Question 23

what is the substrrate for short term memory?

Answer 23

hippocampus

parahippocampal cortex

prefrontal cortex

relies on long term potentiation!

also connections between neocortex and amygdala (nucleus basalis of meynert)

Question 24

what is a cholinergic projection that is a target for alzheimers

Answer 24

nucleus basalis of meynert

Question 25

what is short term memory?

Answer 25

temporary storehouse for memory

Question 26

what happens during consolidation?

Answer 26

make memory permanent physical changes to synapses

Question 27

what is involved with colslidating memories?

Answer 27

hippocampus temporal lobes papez circuit

Question 28

describe papez circuit, wat does it do?

Answer 28

hypothalamus to anterior thalamus to cingulate cortex to hippocampus and back over and over again to make to consolidate

Question 29

consolidation from short to long term potentation does what?

Answer 29

papez circuit fires again and again to make LTP and neuronal plasticity eventually you dont need limbic system to have memories

Question 30

where is long term memory stored?

Answer 30

stored in cortex wherever related to modality

Question 31

what is long term memory recalled by?

Answer 31

neocortex parahippocampal gyrus hippocampus

Question 32

whats the first step of memory recall?

Answer 32

info from each component of memory sent to | parahippocampal region

Question 33

whats the role of hippocampus in recall? where does it send this info?

Answer 33

gets info from parahippocampal region reconstructs entire memory sends it to cortex via parahippocampus

Question 34

whats so special about parahippocampus in regards to memory?

Answer 34

prolongs life of cortical trace of memory

Question 35

whats the three components of working memory?

Answer 35

central executive phonological loop visuospatial loop

Question 36

whats the central executive, whats its job

Answer 36

decides what memory you need receives loops "prefrontal cortex"

Question 37

what is the phonological loop?

Answer 37

brocas and wernickes provide auditory info related to memory

Question 38

what is the visuospatial loop?

Answer 38

occipital cortex relating to vision provide visual info related to memory

Question 39

what kind of long term memory does hippocampus store? how?

Answer 39

memory of space, using CA1 cells called place cells

Question 40

what do place cells do?

Answer 40

respond to features in space, most strongly if there is reward associated

Question 41

what are the inputs for place cells?

Answer 41

grid cells head direction cells(wheres your head) border neurons (if your next to wall)

Question 42

what do grid cells do?

Answer 42

part of enthorinal complex create a map of place you are in (grid or hexagonal map)

Question 43

how does spatial memory work?

Answer 43

map of physical space creates memory scaffold for recreating entire memory