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phys of reward Flashcards

1
Q

what is the central tenet of reward?

A

dopamine is invlved in reward seeking behaviors

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2
Q

where can dopamine fibers go and how?

A

via VTA

to nucleus accumbens

hippocampus

amygdala

prefrontal cortex

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3
Q

what does hypothalamus do in the reward system?

A

initiates neuroendocrne and viceral responses to reward by integrating all inputs

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4
Q

what is motivation?

A

process that mediates goal directed responses

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5
Q

what is reinforcement?

A

consequnce of learned behaviors that alters probability that it will be repeated

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6
Q

what is saliency?

A

something important to pay attention to

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7
Q

what is reward

A

objects, stimuli that have positive value

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8
Q

what is aversion?

A

negative reinforcment of behavior, need to avoid

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9
Q

what is pleasure?

A

positive sensation that promotes behaviors that allow survival

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10
Q

what does DA have to do with pleasure?

A

encodes discrepancy between reward predictions and information about actual rewards

sends this info to brain regions involved with rewards learning

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11
Q

what does an unpredicted award do?

A

causes an activation

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12
Q

what does a predicted award do?

A

nothing

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13
Q

what if you dont get a predicted reward?

A

depression

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14
Q

whats assigns value to reward?

A

events that preceded delivery of reward

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15
Q

what happens with repeated drug use and rewards?

what happens to an individuals choices?

A

repetition of reward prediction error signals continues to reinforce drug related cues and behavior

develops bias towards drug that strengthens drug use

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16
Q

what happens with natural reward mecanism?

A

produce error correcting DA-RPE signals only until predictions match actual events

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17
Q

what do drugs of abuse do with DA? why is this relevant

A

increase extracellular DA concentrations, esp in limbic regions such as NA

provide longer and larder increases in DA than natural reinforcers

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18
Q

do drugs directly increase DA?

A

some do (amphetamine, meth, cocaine)

some work indirectly via neuron receptors (nicotine, alcohol, opiates)

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19
Q

how are DA and salience related?

A

drug induced increases in dopamine will make you look for more

stimuli associated with the drug can elicit desire for drug

this is why relapse happens!

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20
Q

what does mesolimbic system consist of ? what does it utilize

A

nucleus accumbens

VTA

limbic system

PFC

utilizes dopamine, but other thing too such as GABA

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21
Q

what is the main purpose of NA?

A

suppress sensation of pleasure/reward

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22
Q

how is NA activated?

A

constitutively by constant trickle of EAA like glutamate

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23
Q

what kind of neurons are NA? what do they do

A

gaba ergic, which causes them to inhibit their target, PFC

consitutitive inhibition of PFC keeps brain in reward neutral state

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24
Q

what happens when you do something to get a reward?

A

VTA get activated

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25
how does the reward circuit work?
dopaminergic neurons from VTA go to A DA released on NA inhibits NA neurons NA activity decreases results in pleasure
26
how does VTA get activated?
activated by EAA from PFC DTA (AcH) or Hypothalamus (orexin)
27
what do NA do to VTA?
inhibit it via GABA require dynorphin stops reward process
28
what receptor does dynorphin bind to?
kappa opioid on VTA
29
explain reward feedback circuit
NA releases GABA on VTA dynorphin is co transmitter stops DA from being released by VTA
30
what can activate VTA via mu receptor?
exercise, ethanol, and other activities
31
how do EAA, Ach, orexin and opioids affect VTA? NA? PFC? what happens
inhibit local interneurons on VTA, disinhibit dopaminergic neurons activate local interneurons of NA, inhibit gabaergic neurons activate PFC profound state of euphoria
32
how do drugs affect reward due to dopamine release?
can enhance dopamine release from VTA
33
how do drugs reinforce behavior that has no benefit?
dopamine signal in NA not proportional to stimuli
34
how do drugs cause reward for behavior to be sense of pleasure derived?
enhanced euphoria and exaggerated reward
35
how does addiction occur?
chronic drug exposure that alters morphology of neurons in dopamine related circuits drugs alter expression of certain transcription factors at cellular level also affect proteins involved with neurotransmission in brain region regulated by dopamine
36
what neurotransmitters are affected during addiction?
glutamate, gaba, opioids, serotonin
37
where re there abnormal neurotransmitter levels in addicted people brains? what does this do
mesocortical region of the brain plays role in aberrant behaviors such as poor inhibition and relapse
38
what does orbitofrontal cortex control?
involved in compulsive behavior when abuser encounters certain persons or things
39
what does cingulate gyrus do?
regulates disinhibition
40
what creates lasting memories about good feelings and environment in which they occur?
hippocampus, uses circuitry that amygdala uses
41
what is amygdala used for?
circuitry for memories to mediate cravings
42
how can memory affect abusers?
seek out more drugs despite obstacles
43
what contributes to memory for abusers?
hippocampus amygdala orbitofrontal cortex
44
how is memory formed?
increase in synaptic strength strong stimulation repeatedly phosphorylaion of AMPA receptors and more AMPA receptors activation of calcium-calmodulin-CREB
45
what does CREB do and where?
with NA, targes dynorphin within LC: mediates physical dependency returns to normal after drugs stop
46
how does physical dependency happen?
too much noradrenergic output from LC CREB upregulation of genes in LC
47
what is FosB, what happens to it?
AP1* upregulated by stress and drug abuse upregulates EAA receptors upregs cell signal transduction pathways upregs factors promoting drug seeking
48
how long does it take for changes to FosB to occur?
months to years!
49
what induces associative learning?
sufficiently large DA, such as by drugs in NA
50
what does conditioning trigger?
phasic DA firing in VTA resulting in large, short lived increases of DA reflects expectation of reward
51
whats te difference between drugs of abuse and natural reinforcers?
natural stop firing when event stops drug abuse keeps firing
52
what do conditioned responses do?
provide cues to drug taking in specific circumstances reinforced by aspects of the drug taking process
53
wat do drug addicted cues do in addicts?
elicits drug urges and physiological responses activation of reward circuits
54
how does fearing drug withdrawal affect drug use?
becomes cue for drug use, conditioned to useto avoid witdrawal
55
what is fear conditioning?
learning that one behavior leads to something bad
56
what alters subjective value assigned to stimuli in circuit? what does it do as a result
dopamine, affects memory consolidation
57
how can dopamine affect stimuli?
alter conditions thru which fear occurs alter association itself gives value to fearful stimuli
58
why can DA affect learned experiences so much?
so many dopamine receptors and cascade pathways
59
is conditioning relevant to many addictions?
yes
60
in the non addicted brain, explain saliency of substances and conditiioned cues
saliency of drugs is low substance cues are low, brain inhibits drive to seek substances conditioned cues have no influence on saliency
61
in the addicted brain, explain saliency of substances and conditiioned cues
saliency of drugs is higher overrides PFC control of behavior, cant inhibit drive to seek substances conditioned cues reinforce saliency, increasing substance seekin behavior saliency of substances overrides saliency of natural rewards
62
what does VTA do?
prediction error between expected outcome and actual reward
63
what does NA do?
salience to stimuli mediate decisions that seek a desirable situation
64
what does hippocampus do?
place and direction contextual info about environement in which stimuli is experienced
65
what do substantia nigra and dorsal striatum do?
motor response associated with going towards desirable cue to elicit reward
66
acutre stress does what to DA?
increases DA release in NA
67
chronic stress does what with DA? why?
induces dopamine release that was one associated with pleasure, switches emotional response to acute stressors divergent action between CRF1 and CRF2 receptors in NA

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