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I + D !!!! Flashcards

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1
Q

GENDER I + D AO1 points

(9)

A
  • more than biological sex
    -social + culturally learnt norms
    -androcentric
    -gynocentric
    -socialisation
    -alpha bias
    -beta bias
    -nomothetic laws
    -idiographic approach
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2
Q

GENDER I + D AO1

ANDROCENTRIC

A

research centered on a male demographic of participants or perspective

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3
Q

GENDER I + D AO1

GYNOCENTRIC

A

research centered on a female demographic of participants of perspectives

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4
Q

GENDER I + D AO1

SOCIALISATION

A

socialisation from early infancy is underpinned by social norms, values and expectations of behaviours that are gender specific

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5
Q

GENDER I + D AO1

ALPHA BIAS

A

refers to theories which EXAGGERATE the differences between males and females, resulting in GENDER STEREOTYPES being over-emphasised
—> research that finds gender differences is more likely to be published

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6
Q

GENDER I + D AO1

BETA BIAS

A

theories have traditionally IGNORED/MINIMISED SEX DIFFERENCES between males and females

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7
Q

GENDER I + D AO1

NOMOTHETIC LAWS

A

nomothetic laws of universalty can usually ignore the effects of gender on how behaviours may differ between males and females as characteristics found in all genders are UNIVERSAL

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8
Q

GENDER I + D AO1

IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH

A

when characteristics vary within genders, it can be deemed as unique and from a personal, participant level

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9
Q

CULTURE I + D AO1 points

(6)

A

-defined as..
-individualistic
-collectivism
-cross-cultural research
- CC research (explain)
-cultural bias

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10
Q

CULTURE I + D AO1

culture DEFINE

A

Culture is defined as the values, ideas, customs and behavioural norms of a particular group of society

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11
Q

CULTURE I + D AO1

INDIVIDUALISTIC

A

Individualistic cultures value INDEPENDENCE, autonomy and fulfilling one’s own goals
this is typical of WESTERN societies

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12
Q

CULTURE I + D AO1

COLLECTIVISM

A

Collectivism promotes INTER-DEPENDENCE, conformity and identifying as a group
this is typical of social hierarchy in Eastern Societies

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13
Q

CULTURE I + D AO1

CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH

A

CC research is the study of human behaviour between different cultures to identify similarities and differences

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14
Q

CULTURE I + D AO1

CC research (explain behaviours)

A

CC research enables UNIVERSAL behaviours, which are COMMON to many cultures to be identified, as well as, CULTURALLY SPECIFIC behaviours, which are UNIQUE to a population

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15
Q

CULTURE I + D AO1

BIAS

A

Psychological research may inherently privilege one particular WORLDVIEW over those that emerge from other cultures, leading to ISSUES OF CULTURAL BIAS

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16
Q

REDUCTIONISM I + D AO1 points

(4)

A

-reductionism define
-holism define
-red + hol
-scientific methods

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17
Q

REDUCTIONISM I + D AO1

RED DEFINE

A

reductionism refers to the means of looking at ISOLATED PARTS of something when studying it, rather than the whole

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18
Q

REDUCTIONISM I + D AO1

HOLISM DEFINE

A

holism explains COMPLEX PHENOMENA (human behaviour) without compartmentalising them into smaller subunits, instead accepting a COMPLEX INTERACTION and RELATIONSHIPS between smaller subunits

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19
Q

REDUCTIONISM I + D AO1

RED + HOL

A

reductionism often IGNORES the interaction between parts, whereas holism considers COMBINING the influence of experience, culture, socialisation combined with NATURE, as seen in social psychology

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20
Q

REDUCTIONISM I + D AO1

SCIENTIFIC METHODS

A

reductionism used scientific methods such as PET scans and is a focus on FUNCTION/CAUSE of behaviour like neurotransmitters causing increased aggression

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21
Q

ETHICS (human) I + D AO1 points

(7)

A
  • earlier..
    -today…
    -alternative
    -responsibility
    -integrity
    -competence
    -respect
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22
Q

ETHICS (human) I + D AO1

EARLIER

A

earlier, psychological research (1960s) did cause unnecessary distress to ppts since guidance was not enforced in the same way that it is now (Milgram, Zimbardo)

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23
Q

ETHICS (human) I + D AO1

TODAY

A

today, research with people in the UK has to meet the BPS code of ethics and conduct (2009) so people are SAFE and PROTECTED from mistreatment

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23
Q

ETHICS (human) I + D AO1

ALTERNATIVE

A

human ppts should not be caused distress or harm in research where there could be an ALTERNATIVE such as case studies or secondary data gathering methods

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24
ETHICS (human) I + D AO1 RESPONSIBILITY
responsibility includes human ppts having the RIGHT TO WITHDRAW themselves or their data from research they are involved in and provided an appropriate DEBRIEFING
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ETHICS (human) I + D AO1 INTEGRITY
integrity means psychologists acting with HONESTY and FAIRNESS
25
ETHICS (human) I + D AO1 COMPETENCE
competence is the ABILITY of the psychologist to CARRY out research
26
ETHICS (human) I + D AO1 RESPECT
respect must be shown to ppts so their needs are always met, this involves issues around: PRIVACY, CONFIDENTIALITY, INFORMED + PRESUMPTIVE CONSENT, MINIMISING THE IMPACT OF DECEPTION
27
ETHICS (animal) I + D AO1 points (5)
-scientific procedures act -licenses -replacement -reduction -refinement
28
ETHICS (animal) I + D AO1 SCIENTIFIC PROCEDURE ACT
animal research is governed by the Scientific Procedures Act (1986) STATUTORY GUIDELINES to follow so that research is conducted with CONSIDERATION for the animals
29
ETHICS (animal) I + D AO1 LICENCES
animal researchers are provided with LICENSES to ensure the animals are given GOOD LIVING CONDITIONS so they DO NOT SUFFER and are well looked after
30
ETHICS (animal) I + D AO1 REPLACEMENT
replacement, where possible the use of animals should be replaced with OTHER SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES like, using cells in tissue culture or computer simulations
31
ETHICS (animal) I + D AO1 REDUCTION
reduction: the number of animals used in psychological research must be kept to a minimum
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ETHICS (animal) I + D AO1 REFINEMENT
refinement: making sure the PROCEDURES animals are exposed to MINIMISE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM and living conditions are appropriate, cages should be equipped with food, water and a 12 day light-dark cycle
33
Nature vs Nurture I + D AO1 points (4)
-nature define -nurture define -nature and nurture -epigenetic process
34
Nature vs Nurture I + D AO1 NATURE
nature refers to INNATE characteristics which humans are BORN WITH, such as genetics, hormones and brain neurochemistry that affect the development of an individual and may cause clinical disorders
35
Nature vs Nurture I + D AO1 NURTURE
nurture refers to EXTERNAL INFLUENCES experienced over an individual's lifetime, for example, PRE-BIRTH disease and diet of the mother OR POST-BIRTH: the learning of physical behaviour by observation of role models in the environment
36
Nature vs Nurture I + D AO1 both nature and nurture
psychologists are interested on the role of nature and nurture in psychology to discover the SOURCE OF BEHAVIOURS to ESTABLISH suitable treatment strategies, modify behaviour, and improve society and lives of individuals
37
Nature vs Nurture I + D AO1 EPIGENETIC PROCESS
in some cases, a COMBINATION of both factors is involved, this EPIGENETIC PROCESS can be seen when a SPECIFIC GENE may provide a GENETIC PREDISPOSITION towards disorders like Sz which are ACTIVATED and switched on by environmental factors like recreational drug use
38
APPLICATION I + D AO1 points 4/5
-numerous -social (football) -bio (aggression) -cog/crim (EWT) -LT/clin (role models)
39
APPLICATION I + D AO1 numerous
there are numerous applications/ uses of PSYCHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN SOCIETY
40
APPLICATION I + D AO1 SOCIAL
to reduce antisocial behaviour like football hooliganism
40
APPLICATION I + D AO1 BIOLOGICAL
to evaluate if aggression is caused by nature or nurture
41
APPLICATION I + D AO1 COG/CRIM
to assess if EWT is too unreliable to be used in court as evidence
42
APPLICATION I + D AO1 LT/CLIN
to assess if the influence of role models and celebrities is something that causes eating disorders
43
DECADES (time) I + D AO1 points (4)
-developed over time -objective -men + women -freud
44
DECADES (time) I + D AO1 DEVELOPED OVER TIME
psychology has developed over time from a PHILOSOPHICAL TO SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE, with the advent of technology and human genome sequencing having a significant influence on psychological understanding
45
DECADES (time) I + D AO1 OBJECTIVE
the psychological field has MOVED AWAY from SPECULATIOn and theoretical ideas, toward an OBJECTIVE and empirical scientific approach
46
DECADES (time) I + D AO1 MEN and WOMEN
although most EARLY PSYCHOLOGISTS were MEN, now most practising psychologists, including the PRESIDENTS of the most important psychological organisations like the APA, are WOMEN
46
47
DECADES (time) I + D AO1 FREUD
some areas of psychology have DEVELOPED TO A LESSER EXTENT, although the FOUNDER of psychoanalysis, FREUD's theories created a NEW APPROACH to understanding human psych... such theories remain LIMITED by FALSIFIABILITY and SCIENTIFIC CREDIBILITY
47
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY (practical issues) I + D AO1 points (6)
-methodological choices -lab exp -ppt samples -sampling method -qual or quant -avoiding researcher bias
48
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY (practical issues) I + D AO1 METHODOLOGICAL CHOICES
practical issues are the methodological choices researchers make when designing their research
49
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY (practical issues) I + D AO1 LAB EXP
laboratory experimental procedures with HIGHLY CONTROLLED extraneous variables mean a casual relationship between the IV and an OPERATIONALISED quantitative DV can be measured
50
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY (practical issues) I + D AO1 PPT SAMPLES
psychologists need to consider PPT SAMPLES used in their studies to ensure they are a representative of the wider population, particularly generalisability of animals
51
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY (practical issues) I + D AO1 SAMPLING METHOD
the sampling method, be it RANDOM, OPPORTUNITY etc will depend on the researchers ACCESS to the target population
52
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY (practical issues) I + D AO1 QUAL or QUAN
researchers need to decide if they are going to explore a topic DESCRIPTIVELY or TEST A HYPOTHESIS. this willin turn determine if they are going to collect QUANTITATIVE or QUALITATIVE data to test their aims
53
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY (practical issues) I + D AO1 AVOIDING RESEARCHER BIAS
to avoid researcher bias, they can plan for SINGLE OR DOUBLE BLIND procedures if this can be met in the IMPLEMENTATION of the study
54
SCIENCE I + D AO1 points (9)
-hypothesis -Karl Popper -science vs non science -cause and effect w data -time locked -lab exps -qualitative data -objective vs subjective statistical technique
55
SCIENCE I + D AO1 points HYPOTHESIS
in order for psychology to be considered SCIENTIFIC, it must be able to produce a HYPOTHESIS that is FALSIFIABLE
56
SCIENCE I + D AO1 points KARL POPPER
karl popper proposes the idea of SCIENTIFIC RIGOUR, continually testing to DISPROVE A THEORY, rather than 'POSITIVISM' (giving supporting research.
57
SCIENCE I + D AO1 points SCIENCE vs NON SCIENCE
Karl Popper proposes the use of DEDUCTIVE LOGIC (following an experimental plan: aim. hypothesis, results conclusions) to DISTINGUISH SCIENCE from NON-SCIENCE
58
SCIENCE I + D AO1 points CAUSE AND EFFECT
A Scientific approach will look for a CAUSE AND EFFECT between the IV and DV, which can be studied by collecting PRIMARY DATA or SECONDARY DATA e.g: meta analysis which involves combining the findings of several studies and looking for STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
59
SCIENCE I + D AO1 points TIME LOCKED
theories from social psychology and LT remain TIME LOCKED; they are only applicable and reflective of a PARTICULAR DECADE
60
SCIENCE I + D AO1 points LAB EXPS
Lab experiments utilising CONTROL + EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS with the collection of OBJECTIVE, QUALITATIVE DATA is seen as fulfulling SCIENTIFIC DATA
61
SCIENCE I + D AO1 points QUALITATIVE DATA
UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEWS and THEMATIC ANALYSIS are types of QUALITATIVE data analysis subject to RESEARCHER BIAS , as they write down their INTERPRETATION of behaviours observed
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SCIENCE I + D AO1 points OBJECTIVE VS SUBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE scientific measures makes psychological study MORE SCIENTIFIC, whereas SUBJECTIVE measures make it LESS SCIENTIFIC
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SCIENCE I + D AO1 points STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
a statistical technique can be used to COMBINE the FINDINGS of SEVERAL STUDIES within a certain research area.
64
SOCIAL CONTROL I + D AO1 points (7)
-regulating behaviours (also pos and neg) -positive SC -negative SC -conscious -unconscious -free will -determinism
65
SOCIAL CONTROL I + D AO1 REGULATING BEHAVIOURS (pos or neg)
social control is regulating other peoples behaviours so that they COMPLY with SOCIAL NORMS, ATTITUDES and BELIEFS ...psychology can be used in a positive or negative way for social control
66
SOCIAL CONTROL I + D AO1 POSITIVE SC
positive SC in the form of praise and POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT e.g: TOKEN ECONOMY programmes in school and prison systems allow human behaviour to be manipulated for the BENEFIT OF SOCIETY, so that society is made to conform to AVOID SOCIAL DISORDER
67
SOCIAL CONTROL I + D AO1 NEGATIVE SC
negative SC in the form of PUNISHMENT e.g: AVERSION THERAPY for homosexuals using drugs like Antabuse (1960s) is manipulating an individuals free will through CRITICISM and SHAME to SHAPE THEIR BEHAVIOURS
68
SOCIAL CONTROL I + D AO1 CONSCIOUS
social control can be conscious by people in AUTHORITY or power to elicit behaviours they deem to be DESIREABLE e.g: through LAW ENFORCEMENT
69
SOCIAL CONTROL I + D AO1 UNCONSCIOUS
social control can be unconscious, which is followed by the individuals with NO ATTENTION towards it, e.g: customs and traditions
70
SOCIAL CONTROL I + D AO1 FREE WILL
free will is the idea that humans are able to have some CHOICE in deciding their actions and behaviours ---> humans are free to choose and are self determined
71
SOCIAL CONTROL I + D AO1 DETERMINISM
determinism is the view that FREE WILL IS AN ILLUSION, and that behaviour is governed by INTERNAL or EXTERNAL forces over which we have no control
72
SOCIALLY SENSITIVE I+ D AO1 points (4)
-implications beyond -ethical implications -Sieber and Stanley --follow guidelines
73
SOCIALLY SENSITIVE I+ D AO1 IMPLICATIONS BEYOND
socially sensitive research has IMPLICATIONS BEYOND the research situation that could IMPACT on researchers, individuals or groups in society
74
SOCIALLY SENSITIVE I+ D AO1 ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS
furthermore, socially sensitive research can result in ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS on the rights of other people in a WIDER CONTEXT, which can occur at any time during the research process
75
SOCIALLY SENSITIVE I+ D AO1 SIEBER AND STANLEY
Sieber and Stanley (1998) outline 4 ASPECTS of the research process that RAISE ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS in socially sensitive research: 1. the Research Question 2. the Methodology used 3. Institutional context 4. Interpretation and Application of Findings
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