social psychology Flashcards

Question

define situational factors

Answer 1

based on the persons situation influences that occur from the environment and others around you

Answer 2

based on a persons personality facts about you that remain true all the time (culture, gender)

Answer 3

aim: to see if a change in location has an effect on the rates of obedience procedure: location of yale changed to rundown office block results: 47% obeyed to 450v conc: easier for ppts to dissent as they are not convinced by the credibility of the study

Answer 4

aim: to see if no presence of authority has an effect on the rates of obedience procedure: telephonic instructions given to ppts, instead of authority figure present in room results: 22.5% obeyed for 450v conc: decrease in proximity to authority figure so decrease in obedience levels

Answer 5

aim: to see if it is easier to resist an order from an ordinary person as opposed to an experimenter in a lab coat procedure: ordinary man gave instructions to administer shocks instead of the experimenter results: 20% obeyed for 450v conc: authority figure is perceived more credible if they are wearing a uniform

Answer 6

Latane proposes a mathematical model to predict the level of social impact created by the influence from other people as a result of social factors Latane suggests we are greatly influenced by the actions of others and can be persuaded/ threatened

Answer 7

i = f(SIN) i= impact f=function s=strength of sources i= immediacy of sources n= no. of sources

Answer 8

1. the source is the authority figure who holds status (rank/uniform) 2. non authoritarian target population SIT proposes that obedience increases when the source is more immediate and there are no barriers

Answer 9

psychological law states that at some point the no. of influences have LESS of an effect on the target population (up to 5/6 have an impact but more than 6... the impact lessens and social impact is not strong)

Answer 10

physical immediacy: how physically close in proximity the source is to the target population temporal immediacy: closeness in time e.g: target is more likely to be influenced after immediate order social immediacy: dependent on whether source is close friends/family---> more likely to be influenced

Answer 11

strength is the power/influence held by the source 1.trans-situational strength: personal characteristics about the source- age, appearance, rank 1.situation-specific strengths: focuses on situation at hand + behaviour the target population is being asked to perform e.g- protest

Answer 12

BASSETT AND LATANE found people living in America would assign more column inches in a newspaper to nearby fictitious event rather than real life far away events showed physical immediacy events is a critical influence

Answer 13

MILGRAM, BICKMAN, BERKOWITZ study showed when 1 person looked up, 42% of by passers looked up. when 15 people looked up, 86% of by passers looked up. 'Number' as a social force was empirically tested and falsified

Answer 14

MILGRAM'S AGENCY THEORY people are in the agentic state so will follow orders from an authority figure 65% of ppts administered 450v, despite knowing it would cause serious harm

Answer 15

ETHICS AND SOCIAL CONTROL could disproportionally affect people of colour and residents in poor areas- police could be deployed in those areas when crime is not necessarily there

Answer 16

PREVENTING ORGANISED CRIME e.g- football hooliganism SIT's mathematical model provides useful predictive power + reliability + uses the same measurement tool on diff populations can be applied in instances of football hoologanism e.g: violent attacks between Russian and English fans during the 2016 championships.

Answer 17

- both theories identify authoritative figures and their respondants -both theories describe obedience observed by people in social situations -both theories FAIL to explain WHY people obey... only how

Answer 18

-Agency theory arose from studies on obedience which observed behaviour (Milgram) wheras SIT did not -SIT provides a mathematical model to predict obedience patterns, agency theory does not - SIT was designed to explain the impact of social influences on individuals in crowds, Agency theory was designed to explain individual behaviour

Answer 19

Persons sense of being male or female Sex= biological aspets = XX/XY society has developed a sense of gender identity through socialism gender stereotypes e.g: woman = more obedient

Answer 20

supporting SHERIDAN + KING PUPPY EXP -adaptation of milgrams study using a puppy as the 'learner' Puppy carried out learning exercise, when wrong got shocked final stage= puppy receives anaesthetic to put it to sleep but participants think they killed it con= 100% females obeyed, 54% males refuting BURGER found gender differences were minimal supports Milgrams OG research that gender is less of a factor in obedience than others KILHAM +MANN tested gender diffs in Australian students 16% woman obeyed, 40% men

Answer 21

refers to traits that remains stable over time Authoritarian personality= a state of mind or attitude characterised by belief in absolute obedience or submission to a legitamate authority figure -usually applies to individuals known/viewed as having an authoritarian personality, strict personality type towards subordinates LOCUS OF CONTROL - Rotter 1966 Internal + External

Answer 22

'I believe I control the consequences of my behaviour' LESS likely to be obedient as they attribute this behaviour to their own actions

Answer 23

'The consequences of my behaviour are outside of my control' MORE likely to be obedient as they believe the consequences are down to fate/luck

Answer 24

supporting ELMS + MILGRAM -Adorno's F-scale - sampled 20 obedient ppts (who administered 450v) and 20 non obedient ppts (refused to continue) conc- the fully obedient ppts scored higher on the F-scale= greater authoritarian traits refuting BURGER concluded that ppl scoring high on the empathy-scale were more likely to protest when administering electric shocks BUT, this did not result in lower levels of obedience overall in those with greater empathetic concern

Answer 25

cross cultural research is done to identify similarities and differences between cultures ---> universal behaviours and culturally specific behaviours are identified INDIVIDUALISTIC= America - value independence, fulfilling one's own goals COLLECTIVIST- Middle East - value interdependence, identifying as a group

Answer 26

supporting SHANAB and YAHYA replication of Milgrams study with a collectivist Middle Eastern society conc= obedience rates higher 73% collectivist 65% individualistic refuting potentially in the Middle East, societies who live under dictatorship could be influenced by the perceived IMMEDIACY of STRENGTH of authority figure... actually suggesting situational factors affecting obedience, not dispositional

Answer 27

an unfavourable opinion or attitude formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought or reason

Answer 28

an action arising because of prejudice beliefs - the mistreatment against a person based on their gender, ethnicity, religion

Answer 29

social identity- an individuals self-concept (identifying as belonging to a particular social class, family or sport) in group- the group you are a part of out group- people outside your group 1. Social Categorisation 2. Social Identification 3. Social Comparison this becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy where individuals adopt the 'label' given to them by society and act accordingly

Answer 30

of ppl based on their hobbies, values, beliefs leads to the development of distinct social groups, an 'us' and 'them' mentality IN GROUP FAVOURITISM + NEGATIVE OUTGROUP BIAS OCCURS

Answer 31

identifying with the group explicitly by taking on NORMS + ATTITUDES of the ingroup

Answer 32

comparison with the outgroup and perceiving the ingroup to be better INCREASES SELF ESTEEM + EVENTUALLY RESULTS IN PREJUDICE + DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN GROUPS

Answer 33

supported by Jane Elliots 'blue/brown eyed study' -students were shown to display prejudice + discrimination towards others just because they were categorised into 'in-groups' + 'out-groups' based on eye colour

Answer 34

Tajfel + Turner carried out empirical research to support SIT -this included 2 replications that demonstrated the boys chose to allocate more points to the 'in group' - the method of this experiment is falsified and scientific

Answer 35

Realistic Conflict Theory - Sherif -an alternative explanation which processes the role of COMPETITION between the 'in-group' and 'out-group'

Answer 36

Ethics- Form of social control -the theory can be manipulated and used by governing bodies and organisations to try and create the 'in-groups' and 'out-groups' in society to create Prejudice and Discrimination as social control

Answer 37

can be applied to many real life scenarios to explain the development of Prejudice + Discrimination e.g: football hooliganism -your self esteem is linked to the success of the team -people may become hostile + aggressive towards opposing teams

Answer 38

requires cooperation of 2 groups to achieve goals, which usually results in rewards for both the groups

Answer 39

suggests that intergroup conflict occurs when 2 groups are in competition for limited resources e.g: countries in the EU disputing financial + human resources -The interpersonal comp arising leads to Hostility + Negative attitudes which can result in P + D to the outgroup -In-group solidarity is increased between members of the same team This theory can be used to explain how society can reduce prejudice by decreasing inter-group conflict to reduce conflict, superordinate goals can be established Where resources can only be won if COOPERATION OCCURS The EU was established to reduce conflict and the risk of war between European nations by encouraging countries to work towards superordinate goals through trade + labour forces

Answer 40

Supported by Robbers Cave Study -showed comp between ingroups and outgroups is required. Contact alone is not sufficient for groups to reduce hostility but coorperation in the form of working together towards superordinate goals is required to reduce outgroup hostility

Answer 41

Sherif has done empirical research to support RCT the Robbers Cave experiment used quantitative objective measures like SOCIOECONOMIC TESTS to show the % change in boys friendship patters which can be falsified so is scientific

Answer 42

Social Identity Theory an alternative theory that does NOT involve competition between groups

Answer 43

Ethics- theory could be manipulated + used by governing bodies and organisations to try and create in/out groups in society to create P + D as a form of social control REDUCTIONISM- ignores biological factors like brain structure and genetic causes of hostile behaviour

Answer 44

can be applied to many real life scenarios to explain development of P + D e.g: football hooliganism -people behave in an aggressive + hostile way due to comp of the limited resource ( The Trophy)

Answer 45

social norms these are the unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a group of society social norms are a part of the situation. People must follow these rules in order to not be rejected by the 'in-group' people will follow the social norms in order to be a part of the in-group, which is likely to lead to prejudice taking place against out-groups

Answer 46

Authoritarian personality- an overly harsh parenting type is claimed to create a personality type that is HIGHLY OBEDIENT and also highly prone to prejudice. Harsh parents expect obedience, loyalty, achievement Gordan Allport's: A parenting style which has unconditional love leads to more empathetic and accepting orientation towards others Right-wing authoritarianism (Bob Allemeyer): usually very submissive and a result of social learnings Social dominance orientation: Felicia Praffo et al developed this concept. People with SDO see the world as a 'competitive jungle' -It is transmitted as a part of socialisation process

Answer 47

John Baldwin: all cultures are ethnocentric to some extent, however, some are more prejudiced than other. In some cultures, the norm is to be accepting diversity, but there are MICROAGGRESSIONS + INTOLERANCE. In some cultures

Answer 48

Supporting RALPH MINARD black and white miners they were friendly to each other below ground but not above NAZAR AKRAMI manipulated social norms they made 1 group hear the statement 'discrimination for females is no longer a problem in Sweden'. Mean levels of sexism were lower for the group who heard the statement Refuting although the mean difference for discrimination was different, there were also other personality variables which could have impacted the results

Answer 49

Supporting COHRS ET AL found that RWA and SDO were both positively correlated with generalised prejudice. This suggests that prejudice can be predicted by people's personality traits Refuting Both dimensions interact with social factors, making it hard to predict prejudice

Answer 50

Supporting CHRISTOPHER ORPHEN F-scale scores were not significantly correlated in a group of White South Africans but they were in a group of Black South African Refuting The ppts were only 16 years old so may have felt pressure to fit in with their social group

Answer 51

aim: study intergroup relations to examine the development of in-group behaviour and hostility to the outgroup -to study if the introduction to superordinate goals can overcome prejudice between in/out groups ppts: 22 male ppts aged 11/12 middle class protestant families boys had not previously demonstrated unusual frustration method: field exp location: Boys Scout Robber's cave state park Oklahoma, America for 3 weeks

Answer 52

exp design: matched pairs design boys were matched on IQ, sporting ability, home life randomly allocated to 'Rattler + Eagles' data collection: observation for 12 hours a day socioeconomic analysis: friendship patterns stated experiment: collecting + experiment (bean collecting) tape collection: to study language used when reflecting to in/out group conc: comp for limited resources is required for P + D contact is not sufficient for groups to reduce hostility cooperation in the form of working together towards superordinate goals is required to overcome out-group hostility

Answer 53

1. in-group friction boys randomly allocated into 2 equal groups at Robbers Cave park Oklahoma 2.inter-group friction OUT GROUP HOSTILITY competition during tournament e.g: collecting bean exp, tug of war, raiding cabins 3. inter-group integration SUPERORDINATE GOALS goals which can only be attained by cooperation by the 2 groups e.g restore the water supply, restarting broken camp bus

Answer 54

quantitative: end of stage 2- out group friendships rattlers- 6.4% eagles-7.5% end of stage 3- out group friendships rattlers-36.4% eagles-23.2% qualitative sneaks, smart aleks ---> brave, tough, friendly

Answer 55

similarities: both establish in/out groups both are social examples of prejudice both have supporting studies using a sample of school boys differences: SIT has nothing to do w comp for resources SIT says prejudice is natural + instinctive and happens when you categorise yourself to an in/out group RCT occurs when people are losing to the out group RCT supported by field exp (robbers cave) SIT supported by lap exp (minimal groups)

Answer 56

'assess how social psychology can be used to reduce anti-social behaviour like football hooliganism'

Answer 57

-football hooliganism can be described as a phenomenon that constitutes violence and other destructive behaviours perpetrated by spectators at association football events -In the 2016 Euro Cup, an estimated 200 Russian hooligans attacked English supporters -Violent crime is said to increase by 17% everyday and professional football matches are said to explain 1% of all violent assaults -Causes of football hooliganism: factors such as lower-working class, large crowds, alcohol, rivalries between teams + intensity of the match all contribute to football hooliganism

Answer 58

1. Realistic Conflict Theory supporting- Robbers Cave refuting- theory fails to consider dispositional factors e.g 2016 Euro Cup could be due to their equally individualistic cultures 2.Social Impact Theory supporting- Milgram, Bickman, Berkowitz refuting- reductionist, fails to consider relationship between source and target 3.Social Identity Theory supporting- minimal groups design refuting- fails to consider role of comp

Answer 59

recording themes, trends, patterns within data Thematic analysis is a research method which can be defined as a process of interpretation of qualitative data in order to find patterns of meaning across data process: -researcher collects data using semi-structured group/individual (interview transcripts or observation) -researcher reads and rereads transcripts -researcher identifies codes in data in relation to the research question (by highlighting the transcript) -researcher uses codes to interpret themes/subthemes -researcher selects specific quotes which illustrate the themes + subthemes (supporting qualitative evidence)

Answer 60

using known facts to generate principles (only know themes after looking at data)

Answer 61

using knowledge + information you know in order to understand something (the researcher will begin with a specific set of themes they intend to look for)

Answer 62

strengths High internal validity (uses quotes/codes as supporting evidence to demonstrate themes) High generalisability (allows researcher to study ppts thoughts, perceptions + experiences across cultures and gender taking into account individual differences) weaknesses Subjective interpretation (researcher bias) based on the researchers perception + making it hard to establish cause and effect Low reliability -unlikely diff researchers will come to the same conclusion eventhough research can be repeated. (diff codes)

social psychology Flashcards

(87 cards)