I&P Flashcards
(37 cards)
What is quality of life?
Includes lots of factors, physical health, psychological factors, independence etc.
Key factors of a persons quality of life rating
Mutli-dimensional, dynamic and subjective.
Flanagan quality of life scale can measure it.
Rokeach
Definite quality of life according to our terminal values and instrumental values (what we ill do to reach our terminal values)
Quality of life & Illness
Non-linear association of quality of life and severity of illness
EXCEPTION = PARKINSONS - this is a linear relationship
HRQoL
Effect of medical condition as assessed by a patient.
Can use PROMS to measure the effect of the disease
OR EQ-5D can measure quality of life
Also eGOR Objectives to measure quality of life!
Recalibration of Quality of Life
Dynamic - it changes over time
Response Shift - Changing internal standard, values re-evaluated to what we want to achieve
Rating scale - use a different measure i.e. we compare our health now to 10 years ago as opposed to other your age
Items assessed - at different stages of our life different aspects become more important!
Biomedical approach to disability
Impairment, causes disability leads to handicap! there is a causal pathway between these!
Cause within the individual
Social model of disability
Impairments dont cause disability, social barriers cause disability! (environmental and social e.g. prejudices, stereotypes, discrimination)
Interventions should be a social change not just medical intervention!
Cause within society
Equality Act 2010
Protects against - Discrimination (treated less favourably) and Victimisation (treated less favourable because they asserted their rights)
Expected utility theory (EUT)
Von Veumann and Morgenstern
Normative theory - desribes how we should make choices, links choices with values and probabilities of each option
Subjective EUT - describes the perception of the risk and how important that it to us
Maximum expected utility choice
Choice based on evaluating all options of EU, if we pick this it is a rational choice.
Assumptions for Rational decision making
follow rules, complete knowledge, accurate beliefs/representations, people know their values and they are stable
Decision Science - Bounded Rationality
By Simon - says people don’t have the processing power to calculate EUT
Simon - choose the satisfiscing choice
Tversky - elimination by aspects
Heuritisc (Chairmen) - use a rule of thumb
Information Processing Strategies
Heuristic vs. Systematic
Heuristic - uses rule of thumb, sub-conscious, little effort, satisfactory, more likely to be wrong
Systematic - analytical slow, more stable values, more likely to be happy with choice
Biases in decision making
Due to framing (direct) and perception (indirect)
Gamblers fallacy - the look at the context of the risk, rather than the risk itself!
Doctors errors and decision making!
Graber: Describes either no fault, system fault or cognitive!
We expect heuristic decisions from doctors
Croskerry’s dual model of diagnostic reasoning explains the behaviour of clinicians!
Public health programmes vs Public health interventions
Target policy/society in health progreammes where interventions are based on practice/individual!
7 Good lifestyles to cause longer life
Alameda Country Study - Belloc & Breslow
7-8 hours sleep, no more than 1-2 alcoholic drinks a day, not smoking, regular physical activity, no snacking, eating breakfast, moderate weight
DO 3 TO LIVE LONGER
Social Cognition Theories in Behaviour Change
Bandura - says behaviour is governed by:
Expectancies about behaviour and self-efficacy
Consequences and incentives of the behaviour
Social cognitions i.e. peoples representations of the social world!
Bandar also shows that children are more influence by real life experiences towards emotion, particularly under the age of 9.
Components of information to change behaviour
Information component
Motivational component
Skills component
Theory of planned behaviour
Beliefs, evaluations motivation, control and perceived power –> leads to attitude subjective norms and perceived behavioural control –> leads to behavioural intention
Ajzen & madden
Absoloute Poverty
Consistent across all countries. UN 7 indicators are:
Dirty water, lack of sanitation, lack of shelter, poor nutrition/insufficient calories, lack of essential medical and maternity care, no access to education, information deprivation
Relative poverty
Relation to a measure in the country a person lives
- has less than 60% of national median income
- deep poverty = less than 40% of national median income
Social class and Health
NS-SEC is a way to split occupation into social classification (Goldthorp)
Higher social class = longer life expectancy
Social gradient occurs between the classes
Lowest classes all have higher numbers of fatal accidents
Life expectancy rising for all but a slowest rate in the lowest social classes!
