I&P Number 1

Question 1

Pavlov

Answer 1

Associative Learning - Classical
Stimulus one leads to stimulus 2
Pavlov Dogs!
UCS-UCR, then CS-->UCS-->UCR
CS-->CR
Issues: Tempral contiguity, contingency (stimulus must accurately predict response - confirmed by Rescorla), extinction, latent inhibition!

Question 2

Bright noise water

Answer 2

Garcia and Koelling –> conditioning

Question 3

Operant conditioning

Answer 3

Skinner

Shows that action leads to stimulus

Question 4

Fundamental principles of Operant Condtioning

Answer 4

Association and Law of Effects
3 Types of reinforcers - primary (inherently reinforcing), secondary (become reinforcing), social (consequences of behaviour)

Question 5

Types of punishment

Answer 5

Positive - aversive event e.g. slapping

Negative - removing a good thing

Question 6

Extinction bursts

Answer 6

Occur when ignoring a baby to try and extinguish bed time crying - worse at first then crying decreases!

Question 7

Stages of Gender

Answer 7

1) Prenatal hormones
2) Development of genitalia
3) Parents assign male/female and raise accordingly
4) Leads to gender identity

Question 8

Two theories of gender identity

Answer 8

Social learning theory vs. Cognitive Development theory

Question 9

Social Learning Theory

Answer 9

Rewards for masculine behaviour and punishment for feminine behaviour
Imitate other males –> leads to a gender identity

Question 10

Cognitive Development Theory

Answer 10

Male gender identity leads to masculine behaviour

Question 11

Concept of gender

Answer 11

Gender identity - established 2-3 years
Gender stability - established at 4 years
Gender constancy - established at 5 years

Question 12

Shaping of gender roles

Answer 12

family, peers, school, media

Preference for same sex playmates from the age of 3

Question 13

Differences in gender and congitive abilities

Answer 13

Differences only in verbal, spatial and maths ability
Boys are better at maths!
Also differences in throwing, sexuality and physical aggression from the gender similarities hypothesis

Question 14

Gender differences in psychological health

Answer 14

High depression and eating disorders in women
High substance dependency in men
But is this social or biological origin?

Question 15

Piaget’s Stage Theory

Answer 15

Describes Child Development

1) Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years)
2) Pre-operational (2-7 years)
3) Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
4) Formal Operational (11+ years)

Question 16

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 16

Birth - 2 years
Recognise self as agent of action
Object permanence begins at about 8 months!

Question 17

Pre-operational

Answer 17

2-7 years
Centration - think about one idea at a time to the exclusion of others
Egocentrism - can’t take others perspective e.g. the 3 mountain problem

Question 18

Concrete Operational

Answer 18

7-11 Years
Start to think in a logical manner
Can only deal with objects and events which are real or imaginable

Question 19

Formal Operational

Answer 19

11+
Basis of adult thinking
Can consider alternatives & plan ahead etc.

Question 20

Measures of Intelligence

Answer 20

IQ = Mental age/Chronological age x 100

WAIS - Gives an overall verbal and performance score!

Question 21

Phrenology

Answer 21

Concept that the brain is divided into sections that have localised or specific functions!

Question 22

Commissurotomy

Answer 22

Split brain patients! Can draw two objects at the same time! Contra-lateral rule –> if word is projected into a hemisphere not containing verbal skills they can’t say it

Question 23

Left hemisphere

Answer 23

Complex language, logical and maths

Question 24

Right hemisphere

Answer 24

Simple language, spatial and pattern abilities, emotional recognition!

Question 25

Secure attachment

Answer 25

Need a positive internal working model and emotional regulation ability!
Failure to make secure attachment impacts adult relationships, psychological health and well-being

Question 26

Theory of attachment

Answer 26

John Bowlby

Question 27

Stages of Attachment

Answer 27

1) Pre-attachment - 0-2 months, doesn’t distinguish between primary caregiver and others, also mirrors expressions
2) Attachment in the making - 2-7 months, begins to vocalise and demand attention
3) Clear-cut attachment - 7-24 months, babies are mobile and know what they want
4) Goal corrected partnership - 24 months

Question 28

Landmark events in development

Answer 28

Stranger anxiety - 10 months

Seperation Distress - 12 months

Question 29

Types of attachment/Measuring Attachment

Answer 29

Ainsworth ‘Strange Situation’ measures attachment

Secure - stays close to mum, greets positive on return
Insecure (avoidant) - avoids contact with mum on return, okay with stranger
Insecure (resistant) - distressed when mum leaves, difficult to console on return
Disorganised - mixture of all , common in parents with depression

Question 30

Clinical variations in attachment

Answer 30

2/3 secure
In Japan however 1/3 insecure resistant (v. high)
Those with parents with a psychological challenge are much more likely to be insecure