IELTS Flashcards
(189 cards)
1
Q
large enough to be noticed or considered important
A
appreciable /əˈpriːʃəbəl/
There’s no appreciable change in the patient’s condition
The two plans are not appreciably different.
There has been an appreciable drop in the number of unemployed since the new government came to power.
Her health has improved appreciably since she changed her treatment.
2
Q
too slight or unimportant to have any effect
A
negligible /ˈneɡlɪdʒəbəl, ˈneɡlɪdʒɪbəl/
The damage done to his property was negligible
insignificant
inconsequential /ɪnˌkɒnt.sɪˈkwen.tʃəl/ US /-ˌkɑːnt-/
Most of what she said was pretty inconsequential
trivial
We were punished for the most trivial offences.
Her feelings for Simon seemed trivial by comparison.
3
Q
almost impossible to see or notice
A
imperceptible /ˌɪmpəˈseptəbəl, ˌɪmpəˈseptɪbəl $ -pər-/
Such changes are imperceptible to even the best-trained eye
4
Q
impossible to see, see clearly, or understand
A
indiscernible /ˌɪn.dɪˈsɜː.nɪ.bļ/ US /-ˈsɝː-/ :
an indiscernible change/shape/reason
5
Q
هم ارز ، همسنگ
having the same value, purpose, job etc as a person or thing of a different kind
A
equivalent /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/
a qualification which is equivalent to a degree
I had no dollars, but offered him an equivalent amount of sterling
These first computers were equivalent in power to a modern calculator
6
Q
something that has the same value, purpose, job etc as something else
معادل
A
equivalent of /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/
He had drunk the equivalent of 15 whiskies.
This qualification is the equivalent of a degree.
This concert hall has been described as the American equivalent to London’s Albert Hall
The word has no equivalent in English.
7
Q
تقریبی
A
approximate /əˈprɒksəmət, əˈprɒksɪmət $ əˈprɑːk-/
What is the approximate number of students in each class?
These percentages are only approximate
rough
Can you give me a rough idea of how much it would cost?
8
Q
رو به زوال/کاهش
A
diminishing
9
Q
متغیر - در حال تغییر مداوم
A
varying
10
Q
(تغییرات) چیزی را نسبت به چیزی نشان دادن
A
show sth expressed as a proportion of
The chart shows government spending expressed as a proportion of national income.
11
Q
رابطه مستقیم/معکوس
A
direct/inverse proportion
The human population in the region is expanding in inverse proportion to the wildlife.
The rewards you get in this job are in direct proportion to the effort you put in
12
Q
در قیاس با
A
in proportion to
The cost of insurance increases in proportion to the performance of the car
in comparison (with/to something)
In comparison to other recent video games, this one isn’t very exciting.
He was a loud friendly man. In comparison, his brother was rather shy.
in relation to something :
Women’s earnings are still low in relation to men’s
13
Q
حد و اندازه
A
proportions
The company is heading towards a disaster of enormous proportions.
an ecological tragedy of enormous proportions
For most of us, Scott was a hero of mythic proportions
14
Q
شایع شدن
A
reach epidemic proportions
Shoplifting has reached epidemic proportions
The flu outbreak has reached epidemic proportions.
15
Q
به حد بحرانی رسیدن
A
reach crisis proportions
The food shortage had reached crisis proportions
16
Q
سهم
a part of a number or an amount, considered in relation to the whole
A
proportion
The proportion of women graduates has increased in recent years
Every parent is asked to contribute a proportion of the total cost
The decision affects a significant proportion of the population.
Although the majority of offenders are men, a small proportion – about five percent – are women
17
Q
سهم زیادی/اندکی از چیزی را تشکیل دادن
A
make up a large/tiny proportion
Children make up a large proportion of the world’s population.
کودکان بخش عظیمی از جمعیت جهان را تشکیل می‌دهند.
18
Q
نسبت
the relationship between two things in size, amount, importance etc
A
proportion
What’s the proportion of boys to girls in your class?
19
Q
سهمیه
A
quota
They’re worried that they won’t achieve this year’s sales quota.
The committee has had more than its quota of problems.
I think I’ve had my quota of coffee for the day
fair share
20
Q
سهمیه بندی کردن
A
impose quota on
The government has imposed quotas on the export of timber.
With an excess of milk in the European Union, production quotas were imposed on dairy farmers
set quota for
Several countries have now set quotas for cod fishing.
introduce …. quota
There are plans to introduce strict immigration quotas.
21
Q
سهمیه بندی را لغو کردن
سهمیه را برداشتن
A
lift/scrap a quota (=stop it)
The minister for trade lifted all quotas on imports and exports
The government has decided to scrap quotas on car imports.
22
Q
سهمیه را پر/تکمیل کردن
A
fill quota
In the 1990s the Navy couldn’t fill its quota for new recruits
23
Q
سهمیه(از چیزی) را دادن
A
give quota of
Each person was given a quota of tickets to sell.
24
Q
سهمیه(از چیزی) را گرفتن
A
take quota of
He never takes his full quota of holidays
25
بازدهی
output
We had to increase our output to fill the quota by the end of the year.
productivity
26
بیش از قدر سهمیه استفاده کردن
exceed quota
Many countries are still exceeding their quotas
The fishermen were accused of exceeding their quotas.
27
سهمیه واردات/صادرات
import/export quotas
| British industry was sheltered from foreign competition by higher tariffs and import quotas
28
the process of comparing two or more people or things
comparison
Comparison with his previous movies shows how Lee has developed as a director
There’s just no comparison between canned vegetables and fresh ones
Let's put them side by side for comparison
A price comparison shopping site was launched last month.
29
یاد چیزی انداختن
invite comparison with sth
| Her paintings invite comparison with those of the early Impressionists (=they remind you of them).
30
be as good as someone or something else
stand/bear comparison
Irving’s work bears comparison with the best of the modern novelists.
Our problems don't bear comparison with those elsewhere
31
after you have compared two things to see if they are similar or different , you say??
on comparison
| On comparison, the Renault was the more reliable of the two cars
32
قیاس/مقایسه کردن
make/draw/provide/allow a comparison between
The article makes a comparison between the two poems
The writer draws a comparison between the 1950s and the present day
The test can be used to provide a comparison of a child's language development with that of other children
This design allows the comparison of the behaviour of the two regions under identical experimental conditions.
contrast something with something
In another passage, Melville again contrasts the land with the sea.
measure somebody/something against
As a young actress, she was nervous of being measured against her famous father.
Murray’s progress is often measured against that of Nadal.
33
حدودی
| not exact or without any detail, but generally correct and useful
crude
| a crude estimate of the population available for work
34
مقایسه جامع / حدودی/ مفصل(مبسوط)/منصفانه و عادلانه / معتبر
broad/crude /detailed/fair/ valid comparison
There is not enough data for a valid comparison to be made.
Students had to write a detailed comparison of the two texts
A fair comparison between the two firms is extremely difficult
35
عرضه شده جهت مقایسه کردن
Comparative
| Comparative figures for last year clearly show how sales have declined.
36
برتری نسبی ، مزیت نسبی
comparative advantage
A trend had already been set in textiles, where the comparative advantage of cheap labour was becoming important.
However, this solution prevents the group achieving any gains from assigning people to tasks according to their comparative advantage
37
نسبتاً
comparatively
Crime on the island is comparatively rare.
Comparatively speaking, this part of the coast is still unspoiled.
relatively
38
مستلزم زحمت و تلاش یودن
take effort
The goal of establishing a space station will take a team effort of major proportions.
هدف تاسیس یک ایستگاه فضایی به تلاش گروهی در ابعاد بزرگ نیاز دارد.
39
a difference between people, ideas, situations, things etc that are being compared
تفاوت - تضاد
contrast
There is a stark contrast between the lives of the rich and those of the poor.
The stock lost 60 cents a share, in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents
The birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothers have increased.
When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast
We are still getting some sun, in marked contrast to last year’s everlasting grey skies
She’s fun and warm and amusing – in direct contrast to James
Alaska is a land of dramatic contrast.
I noticed a marked contrast in his behaviour before and after treatment.
distinction
There is often no clear distinction between an allergy and food intolerance
We can see/recognize a sharp distinction between ambition and greed
Cultural distinctions lie at the heart of these issues
40
تفاوت ایجاد کردن
make a contrast with
The marble is smooth and polished, making a strong contrast with the worn stonework around it.
The fruit and the meat make a delicious contrast of flavours.
provide a contrast to
The red stems of this bush provide a contrast to the drab brown of the winter garden
The fresh fruit provides a contrast to the rich chocolate pudding.
41
متفاوت بودن با
be in contrast to
The spirited mood on Friday was in sharp contrast to the tense atmosphere last week
The winter heat wave in California is a stark contrast to the below-freezing temperatures on the East Coast.
stand in contrast to
Their attitudes towards love and marriage stand in stark contrast to those of their parents.
to contrast with
These results contrast sharply with other medical tests carried out in Australia
He contrasted her brashness unfavourably with his mother's gentleness.
be a contrast to
This busy social life was a complete contrast to his old quiet life.
42
to say that two situations are similar – a rather formal use
draw an analogy :
| Some people have attempted to draw an analogy between America’s invasion of Iraq and the war in Vietnam
43
to say that some features of things are similar, especially things that are actually very different – a rather formal use
draw a parallel :
He draws a parallel between football and religion.
Parallels can be drawn between her work and that of Picasso
44
تفاوت قائل شدن
از تفاوت ها حرف زدن
to say that you think two things are very different
to make a distinction between
It is important to make a distinction between people’s fears about crime and the amount of crime that really happens.
The author draws a distinction between allowing death to occur, and causing it.
The Act makes no distinction between children and adults (=it treats them as if they were the same).
highlight the contrast
The research will highlight the contrasts between different approaches to taxation
draw contrasts
It is tempting to draw sharp contrasts between religion and science.
draw a distinction between:
The author draws a distinction between allowing death to occur, and causing it.
45
a big difference between two groups of people or things – use this especially when you think the difference is unfair or may cause problems
disparity (formal) :
It is not easy to explain the disparity that still exists between the salaries of men and women.
the disparity in wealth between the highest and the lowest employees
The economic disparity between the area’s black and white citizens is a serious problem
46
a very big difference and lack of understanding between two groups of people, especially in their beliefs, opinions, and way of life
gulf between somebody and somebody:
More riots led to a growing gulf between the police and the communities in which they worked.
The central problem was how to bridge the gulf between the warring factions of the party
47
a big difference between two amounts, two ages, or two groups of people
gap :
There’s a ten-year gap between Kay’s two children.
The gap between rich and poor is wider in the South than in the rest of the country.
48
the quality of being special in some way
the distinction of doing something
At that time, it had the distinction of being the largest bridge in the UK.
The US enjoys the dubious distinction of being the lawsuit capital of the world
49
unpleasant, especially because it is likely to offend people or make you unpopular
invidious /ˌɪnˈvɪdiəs/:
| By innocently lying to detectives, she’d put herself in an invidious position.
50
روشن و صریح، قطعی، بی شک و شبهه
clear-cut
| a clear-cut difference between the two plans
51
not easy to notice or understand unless you pay careful attention
subtle :
The pictures are similar, but there are subtle differences between them.
The warning signs of the disease are so subtle that they are often ignored
52
دلبخواه، میلی ، دیمی، شکمی، بختکی، من درآوردی،بی حساب و کتاب
arbitrary /ˈɑːrbəˌtreri/
| he committee's decision seemed completely arbitrary
53
عرفی ، متداول، معمول، متعارف
conventional /kənˈvenʃn̩əl/
Shaking hands is a conventional way to acknowledge being introduced to another person and to show acceptance of a new relationship.
the conventional distinction between pure and applied science
54
سنت گرا
conventional /kənˈvenʃn̩əl/
| Her very conventional parents could not understand why she had no desire to get married.
55
to make the difference between two ideas, subjects etc less clear
blur :
His films blur the boundaries between fact and fiction.
The design of the conservatory is meant to blur the distinction between the house and the garden.
The development of the concept of abuse of power blurred the distinction between merits and vires.
Both sides in the war had been blurring the distinction between military and civilian targets
56
to make a situation or the effects of something less unpleasant, harmful, or serious
mitigate :
Measures need to be taken to mitigate the environmental effects of burning more coal.
alleviate
57
فوری، انی
instantaneous
| She accidentally swallowed the poison and death was instantaneous
58
بدون فرق، یکسان
without distinction
| All groups are entitled to this money without distinction
59
به شکل ممتاز (با بدست آوردن افتخارات زیاد)
with distinction
| He served with distinction in the First World War.
60
مربوط به، نسبت به، راجع به، در باره
in relation to
latest developments in relation to the disease
Similar policies were pursued in the 1970s, particularly in relation to health services.
61
ارتباط مستقیم/نزدیک داشتن با
be in direct/close relation to
| The energy an animal uses is in direct relation to speed and body mass
62
مطلوبِ کسی بودن/نبودن
be in favour/out of favour (with somebody)
The island is very much in favour as a holiday destination.
The stock is currently out of favor with investors
63
stop being approved of
fall/go out of favour
| Grammar-based teaching methods went out of favour in the 60s and 70s.
64
become popular again
come/be back in favour
| Fountain pens have come back in favour
65
به نفعِ کسی/چیزی
in sb’s favour
The new rules should actually work in your favor
The war had begun to swing in Britain’s favor
in favour of something :
Plans for a tunnel were rejected in favour of a bridge.
66
to prefer someone or something to other things or people, especially when there are several to choose from
favour sb/sth [over ...]:
Both countries seem to favour the agreement.
loose clothing of the type favoured in Arab countries
Florida voters favored Bush over Gore by a very small margin.
a judicial system that favours men over women
67
to provide suitable conditions for something to happen
favour :
| The current economy does not favour the development of small businesses
68
to say that someone is similar to or has the same qualities as someone else
liken sb/sth to sb/sth /ˈlaɪ.kən/ :
She's been likened to a young Elizabeth Taylor.
Critics have likened the new city hall building to a barn.
He likened today's stockmarket to that of the 1920's.
Morris has often been likened to Bobby Kennedy.
Critics have likened the new theater to a supermarket
69
completely different from a particular person or thing
unlike :
Tammy was unlike any other woman I have ever known.
Unlike most people in the office, I don’t come to work by car.
70
انجام کاری از کسی بعید بودن
be unlike sb to
| It’s unlike Greg to be late.
71
آنقدرها هم بی شباهت نبودن
| وجه تشابهاتی داشتن
be not unlike
In appearance John is not unlike his brother.
The landscape is not unlike that of Scotland
72
used when saying that two people or things are very different
informal
be like chalk and cheese :
It’s hard to believe that they’re brothers – they’re like chalk and cheese!
be (like) apples and oranges :
You can't compare residential and commercial real estate markets. It's apples and oranges.
Obama and Romney are apples and oranges.
Comparing homemade soup to canned soup is really comparing apples and oranges
73
very similar
alike :
My mother and I are alike in many ways.
The twins were dressed alike
The two towns are very much alike in size and population.
Though John and Andrew look exactly alike, they act quite differently.
much the same :
The glass is still made in much the same way as it was 100 years ago.
People are much the same, wherever you go.
She still looks very much the same.
74
یکجور ، بتساوی
alike :
| I learned a lot from teachers and students alike.
75
fairly similar to something
akin to something : formal
| These dialects are akin to Arabic, though different in several respects
76
to like to have something – often used humorously
be partial to something (formal):
| He’s partial to the occasional glass of wine
77
used when saying that you begin to like something, especially something that you did not like before
something grows on you :
| I didn’t like the colour of the room at first, but it’s growing on me.
78
to be extremely interested in an activity and spend a lot of time doing it or watching it
be crazy about something (informal) :
Jonah’s crazy about basketball.
be mad about something (informal)
She’s always been mad about horses
have a passion for something :
From a very early age he had a passion for fast cars.
To be a great performer, you have to work very hard and have a passion for the music you
79
exactly the same
identical :
| The two computers were identical in design
80
نتیجه ، فرجام ، پایان کار
conclusion
All the evidence pointed to the conclusion that he was guilty.
At the conclusion of the meeting, little progress had been made
The evidence supports the conclusion that his death was an accident.
A lot of scientific evidence supports the opposite conclusion.
The logical conclusion is that short commercials are just as effective as longer ones.
the conclusion of a peace treaty
It is therefore difficult to avoid the conclusion that the effect of insurance is in general to reduce the deterrent effect of liability.
81
به نتیجه رسیدن
نتیجه گرفتن
نتیجه گیری کردن
come to/arrive at/reach/draw conclusion
The police came to the inescapable/inevitable
conclusion that the children had been murdered.
At the end of the day, no firm conclusion had been reached.
There are perhaps two main conclusions to be drawn from the above discussion
Researchers must beware of drawing hasty(عجولانه) conclusions.
conclude
The report concluded that the school should be closed immediately.
Richardson concluded from his studies that equality between the sexes is still a long way off.
82
استنتاج تجربی
tentative conclusion
| Few results are available yet on this theme, though some tentative conclusions may be drawn
83
به نتیجه رساندن
bring sth to conclusion
The meeting was brought to a hasty conclusion.
bring about conclusion
84
نتیجه حتمی، نتیجه مسلم
| certain to happen, even though it has not yet officially happened
foregone conclusion :
| The outcome of the battle was a foregone conclusion.
85
to involve something as a necessary part or result
| در بر داشتن
entail (doing) something:
A new computer system entails a lot of re-training.
Some foreign travel is entailed in the job.
The journey will entail changing trains twice
86
to complete something you have been doing, especially for a long time
conclude:
When the investigation is concluded, the results will be sent to the US Attorney’s office.
Francis, having concluded his business with James, left for Miami
The police have now concluded their investigations.
87
to finish arranging an agreement etc successfully
conclude an agreement/treaty/contract etc :
| That same year, France concluded a trading agreement with Spain.
88
to end something such as a meeting, book, event, or speech by doing or saying one final thing
conclude
Each chapter concludes with a short summary.
She concluded by saying she was proud to be from Salford.
To conclude, I’d like to express my thanks to my family.
89
to do the last things that are necessary in order to settle a plan or agreement in a satisfactory way
finalize :
| A spokesman said that they were hoping to finalize an agreement in the near future
90
to use the knowledge and information you have in order to understand something or form an opinion about it
استنتاج کردن
deduce
From her son’s age, I deduced that her husband must be at least 60.
What did Darwin deduce from the presence of these species?
The total amount can be deduced logically from the figures available
Using the evidence available it is possible to deduce quite a lot about how these people lived.
We deduce from his behaviour that he is trying to gain attention
We cannot deduce very much from these figures.
91
to guess that something is true, using the information you know already
surmise /səˈmaɪz $ sər-/
| When he came in, he didn’t look up, so she surmised that he was in a bad mood
92
حدس، گمان، ظن
conjecture
What she said was pure conjecture
surmise
93
گمانه زنی
speculation about/on
speculation about the future
The witness’s statement was pure speculation (=not based on any knowledge).
Speculation was rife as to whom the prince might marry.
94
نسل بعدی
نواده
a person who is related to you and who lives after you, such as your child or grandchild
descendant /dɪˈsendənt/:
He has no descendants.
They claim to be descendants of a French duke.
We owe it to our descendants (= people younger than us who will live after we have died) to leave them a clean world to live in.
The people are the descendants of slaves who were brought over from Africa.
95
جد، نیا
| a member of your family who lived a long time ago, especially hundreds of years ago
ancestor /ˈænˌsestər/:
| My ancestors originally came from Ireland.
96
بستگان درجه اول، خویشاوندان نزدیک (مانند زن و بچه یا پدر و مادر)
next of kin
| The next of kin must be notified of his death before his name is released to the press.
97
افت ناگهانی کردن
plunge to
Oil prices have plunged to a new low.
The unemployment rate plunged sharply.
In the recession, the company’s profits plunged 60%.
plummet /ˈplʌmət, ˈplʌmɪt/ :
Share prices have plummeted 29% in the last four months.
Climate change could cause global temperatures to plummet
98
to suddenly experience a difficult or unpleasant situation, or to make someone or something do this
plunge (somebody/something) into something :
A strike would plunge the country into chaos.
After the war, the family plunged into debt.
99
to decide to do something important or risky, especially after thinking about it for a long time
take the plunge :
We took the plunge and set up our own business.
He finally took the plunge and gave in his notice.
100
بی مهابا ، بی فکرانه، نسنجیده
headlong
| They rushed headlong into this disastrous business deal
101
از جلو، باسر، از سر، با کله
headlong
| The car plunged headlong into the river
102
when a price or value gradually decreases in a way that causes problems – used especially in news reports
slide : (past tense and past participle slid /slɪd/)
The dollar fell in late trading in New York yesterday and slid further this morning
Stocks slid a further 3% on the major markets today
103
to gradually decrease until there is very little left of something, especially numbers or amounts, popularity, or importance
dwindle /ˈdwɪndl/:
Support for the theory is dwindling.
taper off /ˈteɪpə $ -ər/ :
Political violence tapered off after the elections
104
to become smaller or less important
diminish :
Union membership diminished from 30,000 at its height to just 2,000 today
decline :
The standard of living has declined.
Support for the government is steadily declining.
Salaries have declined by around 4.5%
105
to reduce something by a half
halve:
Cash cuts have halved the number of places available on training courses
In the first place, the pension being offered was roughly halved in value
The shares have more than halved in value since the summer high of 572p
Overall operating profits halved to $24 million
The company's workforce has been almost halved to 102 in three years
106
to have a strong desire for something, especially something that is difficult or impossible
yearn/long for sth
Hannah yearned/longed for a child.
She yearned for children of her own
You yearn for some one to talk to
Despite his great commercial success he still yearns for critical approval
She longed for the chance to speak to him in private
He still yearned after her, even after all these years
She longed for him to return
yearn/long to be/do something
Phil had yearned to be a pilot from an early age
He longed to see her again
107
```
to think about the effect that something will have in the future rather than what happens now
نگاه دراز مدت به چیزی داشتن
چیزی را بصورت دراز مدت مدنظر داشتن
فراتر از شرایط کنونی فکر کردن
نگاه یا چشم انداز بلند مدت داشتن
```
take the long view (of something)
| If you take the long view, of course, you can regard staff training as an investment for the company
108
soon or in a short time
before long :
Before long a large crowd had gathered outside the building.
It’s likely that the law will be abolished before long.
109
used to say that someone or something will be ready, will be back, will happen etc soon
won’t be long:
Wait here – I won’t be long.
Dinner won’t be long.
110
continuing for a long time
interminable /ɪnˈtɜːmɪnəbl̩/:
They faced an interminable wait in the departure lounge of the airport.
The journey seemed interminable.
long-drawn-out [only before noun] :
The news heightened expectations that the long-drawn-out investigation might be coming to a close.
long-running [only before noun] [disputes, campaigns, or shows]:
He has been involved in a long-running dispute with his neighbour.
The programme is one of the longest-running series on television.
a long-running campaign to prevent the airport from being built
long-lasting : [effects or relationships]:
Stress can have long-lasting effects.
While at the school, she made many long-lasting friendships.
protracted :
Despite protracted negotiations, they were unable to reach an agreement.
The couple have been involved in a protracted battle for custody of their children.
prolonged:
He returned to work after a prolonged absence.
Studies have linked prolonged use of the drug to cancer.
a prolonged period of economic decline
extended [only before noun] [visits, trips, breaks etc]:
an extended stay in hospital
He took an extended break from work after his father died.
She didn’t like being away from home for extended periods.
lasting [only before noun] strong enough or great enough to continue for a long time:
The negotiations were aimed at achieving a lasting peace.
This affair has done lasting damage to the President’s credibility.
The book left a lasting impression on me.
enduring [memories, influences, or feelings of liking someone or something]:
One of my most enduring memories is of going on holiday to France with my parents.
the enduring appeal of Conan Doyle's stories
his enduring love for Ireland
I shall be left with many enduring memories of the time I spent in India.
111
منزجر کردن، مشمئز کردن
repel /rəˈpel/
She was repelled by his ugliness.
Her arrogance repels many people.
disgust
112
عقب نشاندن پس زدن، پس راندن
repel /rəˈpel/
It is not true that eating garlic repels mosquitoes.
The defenders repelled the attack without losing any men.
The army was ready to repel an attack
113
push each other away with an electrical force
repel /rəˈpel/
| Similar poles of magnets repel each other, and opposite poles attract.
114
to not allow a substance to be absorbed into it
repel /rəˈpel/
This coat has a special surface that repels moisture.
The sprays contain a water repelling ingredient known as a fluoropolymer.
115
عصیان، سرپیچی
| a refusal to accept someone’s authority or obey rules or laws
revolt /rɪˈvoʊlt/
The prime minister is now facing a revolt by members of his own party.
a revolt against authority
a revolt over the proposed spending cuts
French farmers are in revolt over cheap imports.
116
an urgent request for something important
| التماس، درخواست، تقاضا، خواهش
appeal /əˈpiːl/
She gazed at him in mute appeal.
The police have issued a new appeal for information.
All the organizations involved have sent urgent appeals to the government, asking for extra funding.
an appeal to the army to not use too much force
Detectives renewed their appeal for help from the public
117
استیناف ، فرجام خواهی
appeal /əˈpiːl/
The sentence was reduced to three years on appeal
The judge has agreed to allow his appeal
The court will hear the appeal on 10 June.
On appeal, it was held that the judge was correct
a case currently under appeal
an appeal against his conviction of fraud
118
جذبه ، کشش، جذابیت، گیرایی
appeal /əˈpiːl/
What is the particular appeal of this island?
The film has great appeal for young audiences.
She’s definitely got sex appeal (=she is sexually attractive).
School lost its appeal for her in the second year
His considerable appeal lies in his quiet, gentle manner
the book's immediate apeal to young children a publication designed for mass appeal
Unfortunately, the film lacks commercial appeal.
We are trying to broaden the appeal of classical music
119
to make a serious public request for help, money, information etc
برای چیزی درخواست دادن
appeal to somebody to do something
The police have appealed to anyone with information to come forward and talk to them.
Farmers have appealed to the government for help.
Church and community leaders have appealed for calm.
He went over the heads of union officials, appealing directly to the workforce
make/issue/launch an appeal to somebody
Detectives are making an urgent appeal for information.
The hospital has launched an appeal to raise money for new equipment.
They made a direct appeal to the government for funding
The police have issued an appeal to the public to stay away from the centre of town at the weekend.
120
چیزی برای کسی جذابیت داشتن
sth appeal to sb
The programme appeals to young children.
The idea of working abroad really appeals to me
The prospect of teaching such bright children appealed enormously.
The idea of retiring early really appeals to me
These characters will appeal directly to children's imaginations.
sth hold/have appeal for sb
His views hold no appeal for me.
The programme has a very wide appeal.
121
درخواست فرجام/تجدیدنظر کردن (علیه چیزی)
lodge an appeal [against sth]
He's lodged an appeal against the size of the fine
appeal
She appealed unsuccessfully against her conviction for murder
He has decided to appeal to the European Court.
122
to defend or support a law, system, or principle so that it continues to exist
uphold :
His appeal was upheld and he was released immediately
a committee that aims to uphold educational standards
123
اسان گیری ، ارفاق
leniency/'li:njənsı/
She begged for leniency for her son
Police offer leniency to criminals in return for information
Let's hope the judge shows leniency towards her.
the victim's family made a plea for leniency on behalf of the accused.
124
تا زمانی که-در مدت-در طی
pending
| Both men were under house arrest, pending appeal of their convictions.
125
an attempt to persuade people to give money in order to help people who need something
appeal :
They're launching (= starting) an appeal to raise money for famine victims.
The appeal has nearly reached its target of £100,000.
An appeal is to be launched on behalf of the refugees.
126
to feel anxious or worried about something that is going to happen or may happen
dread:
I’ve got an interview tomorrow and I’m dreading it.
dread doing something
I’m dreading going back to work.
Tim dreaded his parents finding out.
I’m dreading that I’ll be asked to make a speech.
dread the thought/prospect of (doing) something
He dreaded the prospect of being all alone in that house.
He had always dreaded being singled out.
I dread to think what will happen if they get elected (=I think it will be very bad)
127
a strong fear of something that is going to happen or may happen
dread of (doing) something
the dread she felt at the thought of meeting him again
Does the thought of flying fill you with dread?
He lived in constant dread that one day he might be found out.
After her shoplifting spree she lived in mortal dread of being found out
the dread of losing those we love
Bernice looked with dread at the end of the passage.
The prospect of flying filled me with dread.
She lives in dread of (=is continuously very afraid of) the disease returning.
He had a dread of hospitals
Her greatest dread was that she would lose her job
128
to hate something or someone very much
| تنفر داشتن از ، بیزار بودن از
detest
The two men detested each other
I detest any form of cruelty toward animals.
129
بهمچنین ، همینطور هم
likewise
Nanny put on a shawl and told the girls to do likewise.
The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent
Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom
similarly
in like manner
in the same way
130
علاوه بر، اضافه بر ، باضافه
over and above :
They receive extra money over and above the usual welfare payments
in addition to
besides
as well as
along with sb/sth :
California, along with Florida and Hawaii, is among the most popular US tourist destinations.
131
the best or most successful point or time
| اوج، راس، منتهی درجه
pinnacle /ˈpɪnəkəl/
She is at the pinnacle of her profession
By the age of thirty-two she had reached the pinnacle of her career.
zenith /ˈzen.ɪθ/
The Roman Empire reached its zenith around the year 100
In the 1860s, Tolstoy was at the zenith of his achievement
summit
His election as President represented the summit of his career.
apex
He was at the apex of his career
132
the worst moment, or the moment of least hope and least achievement
nadir:
| The defeat was the nadir of her career.
133
انجامیدن، منجر شدن به
culminate in/with something :
The political demonstration culminated in mass arrests
The long negotiations finally culminated in a treaty.
My arguments with the boss got worse and worse, and finally culminated in my resignation.
Their many years of research have finally culminated in a cure for the disease.
134
سرانجام
culmination /ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
Winning first prize was the culmination of years of practice and hard work.
The space race reached its culmination in the first moon walk.
A decision will be taken at the culmination of the initial research
135
نوسان داشتن ، نوسان کردن ، بالا وپایین رفتن
fluctuate /ˈflʌktʃueɪt/
Traffic congestion fluctuates according to the time of day
Prices have fluctuated wildly in recent years
Prices were volatile, fluctuating between $20 and $40.
The number of children in the school fluctuates around 100.
Insect populations fluctuate wildly from year to year
oscillate /ˈɒsəleɪt, ˈɒsɪleɪt $ ˈɑː-/
The stock market is oscillating wildly at the moment.
oscillate between
His income oscillated between £1,500 and £2,000 a month.
Her attitude towards me oscillated between friendship and hostility.
seesaw
Before the election, the president seesawed in the polls.
His mind seesawed between hope and despair all through those weeks.
Stock prices seesawed throughout the morning
136
to reach the highest point or level
peak at:
Sales peaked in August, then fell sharply.
Wind speeds peaked at 105 mph yesterday.
Birth rates for teens peaked in 1991 and have been declining since.
137
to stop going up or down and continue at the same height
level off/out
After climbing steeply, the path levelled off.
The plane levelled out at 30,000 feet.
In 1926, the exchange rate peaked at fifty francs to the dollar; later, it leveled off at twenty.
House prices now seem to be levelling off after the steep rises of the last few years.
Unemployment rose to 10% and then levelled off.
remain constant/steady
138
a general tendency in the way a situation is changing or developing
trend
The increase in crime in London was just part of a wider trend.
The latest figures show a clear growth trend in the service sector.
We are following the American trend towards more flexible working conditions.
The data indicates a trend towards earlier retirement.
139
to start doing something that other people copy
set the trend :
Larger corporations are setting the trend for better maternity benefits
In the 1960s, Britain set the fashion trends
140
مد روز
on trend – used especially in magazines:
This striped dress is bang on trend.
fashionable
141
متناسب، در خور
proportionate /prəˈpɔːrʃənət/
The price increases are proportionate to the increases in the costs of production.
The punishment should be proportionate to the gravity of the offence and the degree of culpability of the offender
Increasing costs resulted in proportionate increases in prices.
The number of accidents is proportionate to the increased volume of traffic.
Inner cities have more than a proportionate share of social problems
This proportionate share of crime has remained fairly stable during the past decade.
My one complaint is the proportionate sizing of hip to waist
142
غیرقابل قیاس با
در عدم تناسب با
نامتناسب، غیرمتجانس
ناهمگون
disproportionate /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːrʃənət/
There are a disproportionate number of girls in the class
their number is disproportionate to their political influence
It never occurred to me how disproportionate was the punishment to the offence.
هرگز به ذهنم خطور نکرد که مجازات جرم چه قدر نامتناسب بوده است
Television also received a disproportionate amount of public attention in the press and parliamentary debate.
out of proportion to
The costs of the plan are out of proportion to the budget available
unbalanced
143
extremely small
minuscule
| Proportionate to the possible membership, we represent a minuscule number of hard of hearing people.
144
اختصاص دادن، وقف کردن، فدا کردن
devote
The government devotes a disproportionate share of the budget to military expenditure.
A disproportionate amount of time was devoted to one topic.
145
بطوربرجسته یافاحش
grossly
| The punishment was grossly disproportionate to the crime
146
طبقه متوسط
```
middle-class
The area contains a disproportionate number of young middle-class families
```
147
تحت فرمان (یا نفوذ و غیره) داشتن
| to control something
command :
The party that commands a majority of seats in Parliament forms the government.
Capitalists command disproportionate influence over state agencies and funding for public campaigns.
148
مسلط
ماهر
حاذق
کارآمد
proficient in
We are looking for someone who is proficient in Spanish
adept at /ˈædept, əˈdept $ əˈdept/
He was highly adept at avoiding trouble.
Melissa quickly became adept at predicting his moods.
Silas proved adept in the art of avoiding potholes in the road
149
very skilful and quick in the way you think or move
adroit /əˈdrɔɪt/
an adroit reaction/answer/movement of the hand
She became adroit at dealing with difficult questions
She adroitly avoided the question.
He adroitly slipped the money into
his pocket.
deft
Her movements were deft and quick.
dexterous /ˈdekstərəs/
his dexterous accounting abilities
150
ماهرانه - استادانه
masterful
The violinist gave a masterful performance
Klein handled the situation in a masterful way.
151
to know a lot about a subject, method etc
be (well) versed in something :
a woman well versed in the art of diplomacy
Page is well versed in many styles of jazz
152
تدریجا gradually
by degrees :
The economy seems to be improving by degrees
progressively
The situation was becoming progressively more difficult
153
وضعیت
| شرایط
state of affairs
This state of affairs can no longer be ignored.
The present state of affairs cannot be allowed to go on.
154
مخمصه
plight
predicament
155
to need a particular thing very much
cry out for sth :
This is a disgraceful state of affairs and cries out for a thorough investigation
The country is crying out for a change in leadership.
156
to happen at the same time
concur
Several circumstances concurred to bring about the present state of affairs
Everything concurred to produce the desired effect.
coincide /ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd/
His entry to the party coincided with his marriage.
When our vacations coincided, we often holidayed together.
Our lunch breaks coincide, so we usually eat together
157
هم زمانی، هم رخدادی
concurrence /kənˈkɜːrəns//kənˈkʌrəns/
| The concurrence of threatening life events and psychosocial distress may partly explain these phenomena.
158
موافقت، رضایت ، جلب نظر
concurrence /kənˈkɜːrəns//kənˈkʌrəns/
| The doctor may seek the concurrence of a relative before carrying out the procedure
159
بدتر شدن وخیم شدن
to deteriorate /dɪˈtɪriəˌreɪt/
160
مستعد آماده
apt to
| Food is apt to deteriorate in summer
161
to (cause to) increase in size or amount:
swell
Tourists swell the local population during the summer months.
The group recruited more members, swelling its ranks (= increasing its size) to more than 1.3 million.
162
continuing for a long time without stopping
continual /kənˈtɪnjuəl/:
five weeks of continual rain
the Japanese business philosophy of continual improvement
constant
163
repeated many times, often in a way that is harmful or annoying
continual /kənˈtɪnjuəl/:
She has endured house arrest and continual harassment by the police.
We are continually reassessing the situation
I've had continual problems with this car ever since I bought it.
I'm sorry - I can't work with these continual interruptions.
There was a continual string of formal parties, dances, and receptions.
164
used when saying that something does not stop or always stays the same, or that something keeps happening.
often used about things that are worrying, frightening, or difficult
constant :
There is a constant stream of water coming out of the ground.
The plane was traveling at a constant speed of 650 kilometres an hour.
The refugees live in constant fear of attack.
There is always the constant threat of war.
His illness makes life a constant struggle for him and his parents.
The photographs are a constant reminder (=something that makes you keep remembering something) of what happened in Bosnia.
uninterrupted [only before noun] :
Women with small babies seldom get more than two or three hours of uninterrupted sleep.
The nation has enjoyed nine years of uninterrupted economic growth.
The system helps to maintain an uninterrupted flow of traffic.
an uninterrupted view of the mountains
non-stop [rain, journeys, work, or entertainment]:
two days of nonstop rain
a nonstop flight to Tokyo
The concert will be seven hours of non-stop entertainment.
They worked non-stop.
incessant /ɪnˈsesənt/ [usually before noun]
The child’s incessant talking started to irritate her
165
ادامه دار ، دنباله دار
| continue into the future, though there will be pauses in it
on-going :
No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations are still ongoing.
There are a number of ongoing difficulties with the project.
Discussions between local residents and the developers of the new shopping centre are ongoing.
A series of ongoing technical hitches has delayed the opening of the new control centre.
There is an ongoing investigation into the cause of the crash.
The police said the investigation is on-going.
ongoing negotiations
166
بدون مکث، لاینقطع
| used when emphasizing that you do something all through a period of time, with no breaks at all
solid [only before noun] :
After eight solid hours of driving, I was exhausted.
It took two solid weeks of work to fix the tunnel
167
to increase quickly to a high level
soar
The price of petrol has soared in recent weeks.
Borrowing is set to soar to an astonishing £60 billion.
Retail sales soared by 10% in the twelve months to November.
Inflation has soared from 5% to 15%.
The fuel shortage sent prices soaring
168
دو/سه/چهار برابر شدن
double/triple/quadruple /kwɒdˈruː.pļ/ US /kwɑːˈdruː-/ :
Since 1950, the number of people dying from cancer has almost doubled.
The company’s profits tripled last quarter.
The number of students at the college has quadrupled in the last ten years.
We expect to quadruple our profits this year
169
to become larger in size, or to include a wider range of activities گسترش یافتن و رشد کردن
expand :
| The business has expanded at a rate of 15% per year
170
to increase to a high level
| used about things that you do not want to increase such as costs, crimes, or violence
escalate :
| Fuel prices are escalating
171
to say publicly that you disagree with an official opinion or one that most people accept
dissent from:
Two members of the jury dissented from the majority verdict.
Few historians would dissent from this view
take issue with somebody/something :
A number of people took issue with the mayor’s decision.
172
مخالفت را تحمل کردن
brook dissent
| He would brook no serious dissent
173
refusal to agree with an official decision or accepted opinion
dissent
Political dissent is not tolerated
His dissent from his family's religious beliefs caused a lot of ill-feeling
There are many ways of expressing dissent.
voices of dissent were suffocated instantly
In the early 1960s, the voices of dissent began to rise
174
spend part of your time, energy etc between different activities or places
divide something between something/somebody
| She divides her time between New York and Paris.
175
نظرات متفاوت داشتن راجع ب چیزی
be divided/split on something :
The party is/has remained divided on this issue.
The party is split over the issue of immigration.
The government appears deeply split on this issue
176
a serious argument or disagreement
dispute
The firm is involved in a legal dispute with a rival company
He got into a dispute over a taxi fare.
It is beyond dispute(=everyone agrees that it is true or that it really happened) that advances in medicine have enabled people to live longer
The US government became involved in a dispute with China
177
تفسیر، برداشت
interpretation
| His interpretation of the poem is open to dispute.
178
have different opinions from each other about something
differ on something :
| The two men differed on how to handle the crisis.
179
having a great influence or effect
far-ˈreaching
The country carried out far-reaching reforms to modernize its economy.
The new law is sure to have far-reaching consequences.
The Internet has brought about far-reaching changes in the way we work
These new laws will have far-reaching benefits for all working mothers.
180
اقلیت های قومی
ethnic minorities
| The cuts in social security benefits had far-reaching implications for ethnic minorities.
181
اثر ثانوی، پس پیامد
aftereffect /ˈæftərəˌfekt/
She had lost her hair, probably the after-effects of chemotherapy.
The aftereffect for rear - end collision between a car and a truck is serious in traffic accidents
182
an unexpected or unplanned result of a situation or event
side effect:
| These policy changes could have beneficial side effects for the whole economy.
183
an effect that happens as a result of something important, especially a big and permanent effect
impact :
Changes in technology have had a massive impact on the way we work.
the environmental impact of industrial activity
184
پیامد، عواقب
the effects that happen later as a result of an event or decision, especially a range of effects that continue for a long time
repercussions /ˌriːpəˈkʌʃəns $ -pər-//:
The scandal could have serious repercussions for her career.
The judge’s decision is likely to have important repercussions for future cases of this kind
185
an effect that happens as a result of something important, especially a big and permanent effect
impact :
Changes in technology have had a massive impact on the way we work.
the environmental impact of industrial activity
We need to assess the impact on climate change.
an international meeting was arranged to consider the environmental impacts of global warming
The industrial north of the country felt the full impact of the recession.
186
اثر سلسله وار/دنباله دار
| used when something has an effect on something, which then has an effect on something else
a knock-on effect :
| Higher oil prices have a knock-on effect on other fuels.
187
رد پا
| the effect that human activities have on the environment, caused by using up its natural resources, pollution, waste etc
footprint :
Businesses all over the world must attempt to reduce their environmental footprint.
The house has a low carbon footprint (=it uses very little energy from carbon and therefore is good for the environment).
188
مقدار زیاد ، چشمگیر
tremendous
This plan could save us a tremendous amount of money.
She praised her husband for the tremendous support he had given her
She was making a tremendous effort to appear calm.
immense /ɪˈmens/
Regular visits from a social worker can be of immense value to old people living alone.
The verdict came as an immense relief for Mr Major, who put his job on the line over the Maastricht Treaty.
189
extremely big – used about amounts or objects
colossal :
James ran up a colossal phone bill.
a colossal statue of Napoleon
The whole holiday was a colossal waste of money.
