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MSS-IHL Exam 1 > IHL I - Cytokines and Hematopoeisis > Flashcards

IHL I - Cytokines and Hematopoeisis Flashcards

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0
Q

difference between serum and plasma

A

serum lacks fibrinogen

plasma is collected in the presence of an anticoagulant
-heparin or sodium citrate

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1
Q

two components of blood

A

plasma and cells

plasma is liquid

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2
Q

hematopoiesis

A

formation of new blood cells

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3
Q

erythropoiesis

A

formation of red blood cells

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4
Q

leukopoiesis

A

formation of white blood cells

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5
Q

thrombopoiesis

A

formation of platelets

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6
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

different stages of development

- yolk-sac phase (main source until third week of gestation)
- hepatic phase (begins early, major source during 2nd trimester)
- bone marrow phase (only location in adulthood)
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7
Q

general trends in hematopoiesis

A

cell diameter decrease
cytoplasm less basophilic
hemoglobin pink color
nuclear to cytoplasm ration decreases (nuclear diameter decrease)
nuclear color change from purple to dark blue
nuclear chromatin condenses

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8
Q

hemopoeitic stem cells

A

pluripotent (can give rise to all three germ layers)
-can also differentate into non-blood cell lineages

self renewing

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9
Q

stem cell factor

A

c-kit ligand that is expressed by bone marrow stromal cells

binds the c-kit receptor

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10
Q

c-kit receptor

A

tyrosine kinase that activates a number of pathways
-MAPK, PI3-K, Jak/STAT

proto-oncogene
-signaling induces differentiated and self-renewal

gain of function leads to over-synthesis of blood cells

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11
Q

imatinib

A

tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor

targets the c-kit receptor

treats chronic myeloid leukemia

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12
Q

lineage restricted progenitor cells

A

multipotent

two categories
-myeloid and lymphoid

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13
Q

leukocyte categories

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

granulocytes - all myeloid

agranulocytes - one myeloid and lymphoid

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14
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBC

- anucleate
- biconcave
- lack organelles
- have plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, hemoglobin, glycolytic enzymes

life 120 days

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15
Q

ABO blood groups

A

glycoproteins on the blood cells

A and B
-O is lack of enzyme and no extra sugar

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16
Q

n-acetylgalactosamine

A

enzyme that adds A antigen to RBCs

adds N-acetylgalactosamine

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17
Q

galactose tranferase

A

enzyme that adds B antigen to RBCs

adds galactose to the blood antigen

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18
Q

AB blood group

A

has both enzymes and has both sugars added

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19
Q

what sugar on the O antigen

A

has glucose, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine

-A and B add additional sugars to this structure

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20
Q

erythropoiesis

A

red blood cell development

- in the bone marrow
- last step maturation in the blood stream
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21
Q

what three cytokines are important in erythropoiesis

A

erythropoietin (EPO), IL-3, and IL-4

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22
Q

what is the first cell of erythropoiesis

A

common myeloid cell

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23
Q

What are the cells in erythropoiesis pathway

A 
Megakaryocyte/Erythrocyte Progenitor (MEP)
Erythrocyte-commited Progenitor (ErP)
Proerythroblast
Basophilic Erythroblast
Polychromatophilic Erythroblast
Normoblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
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24
Proerythroblast
large nucleus stains basophilic - bc lots of free ribosomes synthesizing hemoglobin can see the nucleolus - ribosome production
25
basophilic erythroblast
large nucleus and basophilic staining no nucleoli present
26
polychromatophilic erythroblast
large nucleus, lots or ribosomes | stains both basophilic (ribosomes) and acidophilic (hemoglobin)
27
normoblast
changes in nucleus - dense nucleus - no longer capable of dividing - acidophilic - hemoglobin staining
28
reticulocyte
anucleate eosiniphilic - hemoglobin basophilic - some ribosomes present released into the blood stream and then becomes mature erythrocyte secreted to be blood stream -will mature to erythrocyte in the blood stream
29
erythropoietin
stimulates erythrocyte production tyrosine kinase receptor -JAK-STAT signaling its synthesis is triggered by Hif1 produced by the kidneys, in the response to Hif-1
30
EPO receptor
expressed by committed erythroid progenitors
31
activation of EPO receptor?
activation leads to antiapoptotic events EPO receptor on proerythroblasts and normoblasts -induces their proliferation
32
recombinant EPO
used in the clinic and on the streets!
33
chronic kidney disease and EPO?
kidney damage leads to reduced EPO > anemia given to patients to increase erythropoiesis also, used in chemotherapy (which depletes RBCs)
34
blood doping and EPO?
increases the number of RBCs to increase muscle tissue oxygenation - detected by isoelectric point different isoforms - to find it in athletes
35
thrombocytes
platelets small, membrane bound, cytoplasmic fragments, anucleate divided into peripheral hyalomere and central granulomere -book divides further
36
zones of platelet
peripheral - cell membrane, glycocalyx, coag factors structural - cytoskeleton actin and microtubules organelles - mitochondria, peroxisomes, glycogen, granules membrane - open canalicular system
37
peripheral zone
cell membrane and glycocalyx - integral membrane glycoproteins - glycosaminoglycans - coagulation factors
38
structural zone
cytoskeleton
39
organelle zone
mitochondria, peroxisome, glycogen, granules
40
membrane zone
open canalicular system and dense tubular system open to external environment -remnants of breaking down large cell to smaller platelets
41
thrombopoeisis
6 step process occurs from the CMP in the bone marrow
42
cytokines that regulate thrombopoiesis
granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) | IL-3
43
megakaryoblast
very large non-lobed nucleus undergoes endomitosis - replicates but no cytokinesis forms the megakaryocyte
44
megakaryocyte
very large cell - complex multi-lobed nucleus - scattered granules - karyokinesis and cytokinesis to divide into the platelets
45
karyokinesis
division of nucleus
46
thrombopoietin
produced by the liver (also, kidney and bone marrow) prevents apoptosis of megakaryocytes -stimulates their proliferation
47
c-MPL receptor
receptor on platelets, megakaryocytes, and precursors ligand is thrombopoietein (TPO)
48
liver failure and TPO?
liver failure leads to decrease in TPO | -patient needs it for platelet formation
49
thrombocythemia
too many platelets, abnormal clotting | -due to mutations in these components (inherited)
50
thrombocytosis
too many platelets due to secondary mechanism
51
thrombocytopenia
not enough platelets
52
leukopoiesis
development of leukocytes (white blood cells)
53
granulocyte vs. agranulocyte
specific - secretory with cytotoxic enzymes released from cell - degranulation - not present in most cells azurophilic (non-specific) - filled with enzymes involved in phagocytosis -not specific to cells that degranulate (also found in other cells)
54
what contains specific granules?
myeloid leukocytes
55
what cells are granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
56
what cells are agranulocytes
lymphocytes, and monocytes lymphocytes - T cells, B cells, and NK cells
57
myeloid development
all similar
58
band form nucleus
u-shaped nucleus
59
neutrophils
nucleus with multiple lobes cell that stains the least most common leukocyte in the blood (circulate for hours in blood and are in tissues for days) function to eliminate bacteria or parasites
60
what cells are derived from the myeloid progenitor?
erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, and monocytes
61
what are the cells derived from the lymphoid progenitor?
T cells, B cells, and NK cells
62
monocytes
give rise to the macrophages
63
neutrophil development
myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band form myelopoiesis
64
myeloblast
has nucleoli no granules **cannot different granulocytes early in development**
65
promyelocyte
beginning to produce primary granules (azurophilic granules)
66
myelocyte
produce specific granules (this stage is when you can determine change in the cell types)
67
metamyelocyte
postmitotic cell make characteristic changes to nuclei - neutrophil has stage others (band form) - banded nucleus (u-shaped)
68
neutrophil
aka polymurphonuclear nucleophlie larger than erythrocytes 2-4 lobes in nucleus (heterochromatin at the periphery) no cytoplasm staining** function in eliminating bacteria
69
eosinophils
larger than erythrocyte always has bilobed nucleus *** stains darkly eosinophilic - its specific granules -contain lots of crystalline proteins that stain function in parasite defense
70
basophil
larger than erythrocytes nucleus is lobed (but you can't see it normally) will stain basophilic due to specific granules and azurophilic granules histamine producing cell type
71
monocyte
agranulocyte largest white blood cell distinct indentation in the nucleus cytoplasm stains azurophilic granules smooth and rough ER and mitochondria short life span: 3,4 days organ specific and differentiate into osteoclasts
72
monocyte signaling
will be secreted into blood stream - differentiate in tissues - microglia, langerhans, kupffer, osteoclasts
73
azurophilic granules
primary granules
74
specific granules
produced during myelocyte stage these are what are characteristic of granulocytes
75
IL-3
interleukin 3 produced by leukocytes involved in stimulating formation of lots of different cells
76
band cell
only in neutrophil generation
77
GM-CSF
granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor important cytokine promotes maturation into dendritic cells and macrophages
78
lymphocytes
separated into small and large
79
small lymphocytes
slightly indented nucleus | -intensely staining
80
large lymphocyte
activated lymphocytes and NK cells
81
B cell
antibody production
82
T cell
cell-mediated immunity develop in thymus
83
natural killer cell
kidney shaped nucleus larger than T and B cells large cytoplasmic granules
84
lymphopoiesis
synthesis of lymphocytes involves IL-7** - stimulates B and T cell production - produced by stromal cells of many tissues
85
IL-7
stimulates expansion of B and T cells X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency -missing IL-7
86
what cells are from lymphoid progenitor?
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK cells stimulated by IL-7
87
what cells are derived from myeloid progenitor
erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, and monocytes
88
erythropoietin
synthesized in kidney (hypoxia > Hif-1 response) cause the formation of RBCs
89
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
induced by inflammatory cytokines causes the synthesis of neutrophils
90
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
does something

MSS-IHL Exam 1 (13 decks)

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