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MD311 Hematology > IL3: Hematopoeisis > Flashcards

IL3: Hematopoeisis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Production & development of blood cells

Hematopoiesis is the process by which blood cells are formed and developed in the body.

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2
Q

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

A

For energy and fat cells

Yellow bone marrow primarily serves as a storage site for fats and energy.

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3
Q

Where do immature T cells (thymocytes) develop?

A

In the thymus gland

Thymocytes migrate to the thymus gland for maturation after originating in the bone marrow.

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4
Q

What are myeloid cells?

A

Cells that originate from myeloid lineage

Myeloid cells include various types of blood cells such as erythrocytes, platelets, and certain white blood cells.

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5
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Cells that originate from lymphoid lineage

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell important for immune responses.

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of red blood cell formation is called _______.

A

Erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis specifically refers to the production of red blood cells.

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7
Q

What is the site of hematopoiesis during the fetal stage from 0-2 months?

A

Yolk sac

The yolk sac serves as the primary site of blood cell formation in early fetal development.

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8
Q

What are the sites of hematopoiesis from 2-7 months in a fetus?

A

Liver, spleen

The liver and spleen take over the hematopoietic function as the fetus develops.

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9
Q

What is the main site of hematopoiesis in infants?

A

Bone marrow

Infants rely on bone marrow for blood cell production as they grow.

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10
Q

Which bones are involved in hematopoiesis in adults?

A

Bone marrow, practically all bones including vertebrae, ribs, sternum, sacrum, pelvis, proximal ends of femur

In adults, hematopoiesis occurs in various bones, indicating a shift from fetal and infant stages.

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11
Q

What is the size of a Pronormoblast?

A

20-25 μm in diameter

The Pronormoblast is the earliest stage in erythropoiesis.

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12
Q

Describe the nucleus of a Pronormoblast.

A

Large, round or oval; reddish-purple with fine chromatin; 1-4 nucleoli.

The nuclear features indicate active cell processes.

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13
Q

What is the cytoplasm color of a Pronormoblast?

A

Deeply blue (basophilic)

Basophilic cytoplasm indicates high RNA content.

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14
Q

What is the N:C ratio of a Pronormoblast?

A

8:1

This ratio reflects the high nuclear content relative to cytoplasm.

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15
Q

What is the size of a Basophilic normoblast (Promubricyte)?

A

16-18 μm

This represents a later stage in erythropoiesis.

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16
Q

Describe the chromatin of a Basophilic normoblast.

A

More clumped than in Pronormoblast; 0-1 nucleoli.

Clumping indicates maturation of the cell.

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17
Q

What is the N:C ratio of a Basophilic normoblast?

A

6:1

Indicates a decrease in nuclear size relative to cytoplasm.

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18
Q

What is the size of a Polychromatic normoblast (Rubricyte)?

A

9-12 μm

This stage shows further maturation in erythropoiesis.

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19
Q

What color is the cytoplasm of a Polychromatic normoblast?

A

Blue-gray to pink-gray

The color indicates hemoglobin production.

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20
Q

What is the N:C ratio of a Polychromatic normoblast?

A

4:1

Reflects continued maturation and reduction in nuclear size.

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21
Q

What characterizes the nucleus of an Ortho chromatic normoblast (Metarubricyte)?

A

Tightly condensed chromatin (pyknotic); no nucleoli.

This indicates the end of mitosis and DNA synthesis.

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22
Q

What happens to the nucleus at the end of the Ortho chromatic normoblast stage?

A

Nucleus is extruded

This is the last nucleated erythrocyte stage.

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23
Q

What is the size of a Polychromasia (Reticulocyte)?

A

8-10 μm

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells released into circulation.

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24
Q

What is the cytoplasm color of a Polychromasia?

A

Rudely basophilic due to residual RNA

Indicates incomplete hemoglobinization.

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25
What is the normal range of Polychromasia in adults?
0.2-2.0% of all erythrocytes ## Footnote Higher percentages can indicate increased erythropoiesis.
26
What is the size of a mature Erythrocyte (RBC)?
7-8 μm ## Footnote This is the final stage of erythropoiesis.
27
What is the cytoplasm color of a mature Erythrocyte?
Pink/red ## Footnote Indicates a high content of hemoglobin.
28
What is the lifespan of a mature Erythrocyte?
120 days ## Footnote Erythrocytes are continuously produced and replaced.
29
What is the normal range of Erythrocytes in women?
4.0-5.5 x 10^12/L ## Footnote Reflects physiological differences between sexes.
30
Normal erythrocyte in men
4.5-6
31
What is the size range of a Myeloblast?
10-20 um
32
What type of nucleus does a Myeloblast have?
Round nucleus with very fine chromatin network
33
How many nucleoli can be present in a Myeloblast?
2-5 nucleoli
34
What is the N:C ratio of a Myeloblast?
4:1
35
What color is the cytoplasm of a Myeloblast?
Light blue
36
Where Auer's rod can be found?
May be present in Myeloblast
37
What is the size range of a Promyelocyte?
12-20 um
38
What type of nucleus does a Promyelocyte have?
Round nucleus with more coarse chromatin network
39
How many nucleoli can be present in a Promyelocyte?
1-5 nucleoli
40
What is the N:C ratio of a Promyelocyte?
3:1 - 2:1
41
What is the color of the cytoplasm in a Promyelocyte?
Blue
42
What type of granules are present in the cytoplasm of a Promyelocyte?
Azurophilic granules
43
What is the size range of a Myelocyte?
12-18 um
44
What type of nucleus does a Myelocyte have?
Round nucleus with more coarse chromatin network
45
How many nucleoli are present in a Myelocyte?
No nucleoli
46
What is the N:C ratio of a Myelocyte?
1:1
47
What types of myelocytes are there?
* Neutrophilic myelocyte * Eosinophilic myelocyte * Basophil myelocyte
48
What is the size range of a Metamyelocyte?
12-18 um
49
What type of nucleus does a Metamyelocyte have?
Nucleus with a dense dark chromatin
50
How many nucleoli are present in a Metamyelocyte?
No nucleoli
51
What type of granules are present in the cytoplasm of a Metamyelocyte?
Both azurophilic and specific granules
52
What is the size range of a Band form?
10-16 um
53
What shape is the nucleus of a Band form?
Horseshoe-shaped
54
What type of chromatin network does a Band form have?
More coarse chromatin network
55
How many nucleoli are present in a Band form?
No nucleoli
56
What type of granules are present in the cytoplasm of a Band form?
Both azurophilic and specific granules
57
What type of leukocyte is an Eosinophil?
A type of granulocyte
58
What is the term for the process of monocyte development?
monocytopoiesis ## Footnote Monocytopoiesis refers to the process through which monocytes develop from progenitor cells.
59
What is a Monoblast?
An immature precursor cell in monocytopoiesis. ## Footnote Monoblasts are the earliest stage in the development of monocytes.
60
What is a Promonocyte?
An intermediate stage between monoblast and monocyte. ## Footnote Promonocytes have characteristics that are transitional between monoblasts and mature monocytes.
61
What is a Monocyte?
A mature blood cell involved in immune response. ## Footnote Monocytes are large white blood cells that differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells.
62
Describe the nuclear shape of a Monoblast.
Round/oval ## Footnote The nuclear shape is one of the distinguishing features of monoblasts.
63
What is the chromatin appearance in a Monoblast?
Delicate / lace-like ## Footnote The chromatin in monoblasts is less condensed and appears delicate.
64
What is the typical size range of a Monoblast?
20-30 um ## Footnote Monoblasts are relatively large compared to other blood cells.
65
What defines the cytoplasm of a Promonocyte?
Basophilic with occasional azurophilic granules ## Footnote Promonocytes have a distinct basophilic cytoplasm and may contain granules.
66
What is the nuclear shape of a Promonocyte?
Convoluted / indented ## Footnote This nuclear shape helps differentiate promonocytes from other cell types.
67
What is the primary function of Monocytes?
To differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells for immune defense. ## Footnote Monocytes play a crucial role in the immune system by transforming into cells that ingest pathogens.
68
What is the term for the process of lymphocyte development?
Lymphocytopoiesis ## Footnote Lymphocytopoiesis refers to the formation and maturation of lymphocytes.
69
What is a Lymphoblast?
An immature precursor cell in lymphocytopoiesis. ## Footnote Lymphoblasts are the initial stage in the development of lymphocytes.
70
What is the size range of a Lymphoblast?
10-20 um ## Footnote Lymphoblasts are smaller than monoblasts.
71
Describe the nucleus of a Prolymphocyte.
Intermediate chromatin pattern with clumping ## Footnote The nucleus of prolymphocytes shows a more mature chromatin structure compared to lymphoblasts.
72
What is the N:C ratio of a Lymphoblast?
7:1 - 4:1 ## Footnote The nucleus occupies a significant portion of the cell in lymphoblasts.
73
What is a Megakaryocyte?
A large cell that produces platelets from myeloid stem cells. ## Footnote Megakaryocytes are key in the production of platelets essential for blood clotting.
74
What is the size range of a Megakaryocyte?
30-100 um ## Footnote Megakaryocytes are among the largest cells in the blood.
75
How many platelets does each Megakaryocyte release during its lifespan?
2000-3000 platelets ## Footnote This large number indicates the importance of megakaryocytes in hemostasis.
76
What is the N:C ratio of a Megakaryocyte?
1:1 - 1:12 ## Footnote The N:C ratio indicates the balance between the nucleus and cytoplasm in megakaryocytes.
77
What color is the cytoplasm of a Megakaryocyte?
Pinkish blue with irregular borders ## Footnote The distinct color and appearance are characteristic of megakaryocytes.

MD311 Hematology (16 decks)

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