MD311 Hematology > IL:2 Function and Blood Component > Flashcards

IL:2 Function and Blood Component Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A
  • Red blood cells (RBCs or Erythrocytes)
  • White blood cells (WBCs or Leukocytes)
  • Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Formed elements are suspended in the plasma, which is the fluid part of blood.

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2
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of blood?

A

Plasma

Plasma is unique due to its fluidity and mostly consists of water.

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3
Q

What is the buffy coat in blood?

A

WBCs + Platelets

The buffy coat is visible after centrifugation of blood.

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4
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Erythrocytes settle at the bottom

% RBC

Hematocrit is the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

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5
Q

What are the criteria for blood cell identification?

A
  • Cell size
  • Cytoplasm characteristics
  • Nucleus features
  • Nuclear chromatin patterns
  • Nuclear:Cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio
  • Presence of nucleoli

These criteria help in differentiating various types of blood cells.

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6
Q

What are the general functions of white blood cells (WBCs)?

A
  • Defend against pathogens
  • Clean up debris

WBCs play a crucial role in the immune response.

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7
Q

What are the two main types of leukocytes?

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Agranular leukocytes

Agranular leukocytes include monocytes (which become macrophages) and lymphocytes (B & T cells).

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8
Q

What is the lifespan of red blood cells (RBCs)?

A

120 days

RBCs have a finite lifespan and are replaced regularly in the body.

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9
Q

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

A

Gas transport (O2 & CO2)

Hemoglobin in RBCs binds reversibly to oxygen.

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10
Q

What causes anemia?

A
  • Blood loss
  • Decreased/faulty RBC production
  • Excessive RBC destruction

Anemia can result from various underlying health issues.

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11
Q

What percentage of leukocytes do neutrophils constitute?

A

50-70%

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells.

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12
Q

What is the size range of neutrophils?

A

10-12 µm

Neutrophils are relatively large compared to other blood cells.

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13
Q

What characterizes the nucleus of neutrophils?

A

Lobed nucleus (2-5 lobes)

The lobed structure allows for flexibility and movement.

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14
Q

What are the main components found in neutrophil granules?

A
  • Lysozyme
  • Hydrogen peroxide
  • Defensins

These components play a role in lysing bacteria and defending against infections.

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15
Q

True or False: A high neutrophil count can indicate bacterial infections.

A

True

An elevated neutrophil count is often associated with infections or stress.

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16
Q

What is a characteristic of immature neutrophils?

A

Bands (immature form)

The term ‘bands’ refers to the appearance of immature neutrophils in the bloodstream.

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17
Q

What percentage of WBCs do eosinophils constitute?

A

2-4% of WBCs

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18
Q

What is the size of eosinophils?

A

10-12 um

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19
Q

What color do eosinophil granules stain?

A

Red/orange

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20
Q

How many lobes does the nucleus of eosinophils have?

A

2-3 lobes

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21
Q

What do the granules of eosinophils contain?

A

Antihistamines and toxins for parasitic worms

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22
Q

What is one function of eosinophils?

A

Capable of phagocytosis

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23
Q

What is a clinical relevance of a high eosinophil count?

A

Allergy, parasitic worms, autoimmune disease

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24
Q

What is a clinical relevance of a low eosinophil count?

A

Drug toxicity, stress

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25
What percentage of WBCs do basophils constitute?
<1% of WBCs
26
What is the size of basophils?
8-10 um
27
What do basophil granules stain with?
Basic stains
28
How many lobes does the nucleus of basophils have?
2 lobes (often obscured)
29
What do basophils release during inflammation?
Histamine
30
What anticoagulant do basophils release?
Heparin
31
What is a clinical relevance of a high basophil count?
Allergies, parasites, hypothyroidism
32
What is a clinical relevance of a low basophil count?
Pregnancy, stress, hyperthyroidism
33
What percentage of WBCs do monocytes constitute?
2-8% of WBCs
34
What is the size of monocytes?
12-20 um
35
What shape is the nucleus of monocytes?
Indented/horseshoe-shaped
36
What do monocytes differentiate into?
Macrophages
37
What do monocytes phagocytize?
Debris, old RBCs, pathogens
38
What do monocytes release?
Defensins, chemotactic chemicals
39
What is a clinical relevance of a high monocyte count?
Viral/fungal infections, TB, leukemia
40
What is a clinical relevance of a low monocyte count?
Bone marrow suppression
41
What are lymphocytes?
Only blood cells derived from lymphoid stem cells
42
Where do lymphocytes initially form?
In bone marrow
43
What percentage of leukocytes do lymphocytes comprise?
20-30%
44
What is the primary function of lymphocytes?
Vital for the immune response
45
What is the size range for small lymphocytes?
6-9 um
46
What is a characteristic of small lymphocytes?
Large nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio; 'halo' effect
47
What is the size range for large lymphocytes?
10-14 um
48
What characterizes large lymphocytes?
Smaller nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio, more granules
49
What are the three main types of lymphocytes?
* Natural Killer (NK) cells * B cells (B lymphocytes) * T cells (T lymphocytes)
50
What is the role of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
Recognize 'non-self' markers like virus-infected or cancerous cells
51
What type of immunity do B cells (B lymphocytes) provide?
Humoral immunity
52
What do B cells become when activated?
Plasma cells, which produce antibodies
53
What is the primary function of T cells (T lymphocytes)?
Responsible for cellular immunity
54
What do T cells do?
Directly attack foreign/diseased cells
55
What are platelets also known as?
Thrombocytes
56
Are platelets true cells?
No, they are fragments of megakaryocytes
57
What do megakaryocytes derive from?
Myeloid stem cells
58
What stimulates megakaryocyte production?
Thrombopoietin from kidney/liver
59
What is the size range of megakaryocytes?
50-100 um
60
What is the normal platelet count in the blood?
~150,000-160,000/uL
61
What is a key function of platelets?
Critical in hemostasis (stopping blood flow)
62
What do platelets secrete that is essential for tissue healing?
Growth factors
63
What is the lifespan of platelets?
~10 days
64
What clears remnants of megakaryocytes?
Macrophages
65
Fill in the blank: Platelets are _____ in response to vascular injury.
Activated
66
What is the size of platelets?
2-4 um
67
Where are 1/3 of platelets stored?
In the spleen

MD311 Hematology (16 decks)

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