illness + death in developing countries: Global view

Question 1

what is the threshold for poverty?

Answer 1

$1.90/day purchasing power parity

cannot afford the basic necessities of life

Question 2

how has extreme poverty changed recently?

Answer 2

fewer extremely poor people.

• > dropped from 36% in 1990 to 10% in 2016
• pace of change has slowed. even slight increase to 11% in 2018

Question 3

emergence of middle class

Answer 3

rising wealth = lifted out of poverty ppl have gerater disposable income.
look to US for example of success
-> middle income countries have both low income + high income health problems.

Question 4

what is ppp?

Answer 4

purchasing power parity =

Question 5

change in health as countries become healthier?

Answer 5

acquire health prodlems of affluent countries.

=> epidemiological transition

Question 6

of 56.9 mill deaths in 2016, how many were from NCD?

Answer 6

NCD = non communicable disease. 40.5 mill - 71% due to NCD

Question 7

of how many NCD’s occurred in low/middle income countries

Answer 7

3/4 of 40.5 mill. 31.5 mill

Question 8

trend in deaths in the world across various ages.

• > m vs w deaths?
• > what’s on the rise globally?

Answer 8

altho j-curve isnt seen in Canada, it re-emerges globally. communicable disease is a huge reason why it reappears.

• > men more likely to die than women at earlier age.
• > alzheimers + dementia on the rise everywhere.

Question 9

implications of NCD’s for low + middle income countries?

Answer 9

focus in past has been on infectious + parasitic disease ( huge and effective).
NCD place complex demad on inadequate hc system

Question 10

how were infectious and parasitic diseases focused on?

Answer 10

selective = target most prevalent disease. specific.
fragmented: funded by philanthropist foundation. helped decline the disease, but didn’t help improve existing health care sysstem.

Question 11

how is the hc system inadequate for NCD?

Answer 11

chronic disease requrie intervention for a long time. need trained ppl, equipment, affordable meds/treatments. even if equipment given, dont have trained personnel to use.

Question 12

pattern of global mortality due to poor-quality/non-utilization of HC

Answer 12

increase in mortality in NCD - like heart disease, preventable death (road injuries). infectious disease has lower deaths.. cardiovascular: mostly due to poor quality, same w neonatal death + TB.
cancer + mental health due to non-utilization.

Question 13

SDG 2030: sustainable development goals

Answer 13

ensure helathy lives + promote well-being for all at all ages.
-> reduce NCD premature death, prevent + treat addiction + mental illness, reduce road accidents, universal hc, increase health financing

Question 14

road traffic accidents - # cause of death?.

pattern of death across incomes

Answer 14

8th leading cause of death.

lower income have a greater risk of dyiing from road traffic accidents than higher income groups

Question 15

patterns in

• population
• road traffec deaths
• registered motorized vehicles across income status (switzerland)

Answer 15

• popln: 70% middle income, 12% low, 18% high.
• > RTD: 74% middle, 10% high, 16% low.
• > registered: 53% middle, 46% high, 1% low.

clearly high income use cars most, at least risk for death. excess death for low income regarding rta

Question 16

vulnerable popln’s of road users in high, middle, low income countries

Answer 16

high income contry: most vulnerable as vehicle occupant.

low + middle income: most vulnerable - pedestrians, cyclists, 2/3-wheelers

Question 17

Canada: deaths by road user category

trends in reported rt-death

Answer 17

48% deaths = drivers. passengers 2nd.

-> rtd on decline for the most part. isolating vulnerable users away from cars.

Question 18

India: deaths by road user category

- trend in rtd

Answer 18

1/3 2 or 3-wheelers. drivers/passengers of cars only 17% of injury. rest disted btw other categories.

-> deaths peaked, but declining

Question 19

describe the disease of development regarding road traffic accidents

Answer 19

urbanization increases traffic, (economy grows, ppl coming out of poverty buying smaller vulnerable methods of transport) increased mobility - increased inexperienced road users = more vulnerable.

Question 20

rate of economic growth vs infrastructure

Answer 20

rate of growth outstrips capacity to adjust its infrastructure.

Question 21

countries + laws = 5 biggest risk factors

Answer 21

few countries that have adequate laws to address: speed, drunk-driving, helmets, seat-eblts, child restraints)

Question 22

how are industrialized nations defined?

Answer 22

gross national income GNI - per capita. relatively high

Question 23

what is verbal autopsy?

Answer 23

determine cause of death in resource-poor setting by interviewing family/care-giver to deceased. ID signs and symptoms as well as other pertinent info to assign cause of death

Question 24

define food security

Answer 24

access to sufficient, safe + nutrient rich foods to meet dietary needs + food preferences for an active +healthy lifestyle.

Question 25

3 markers of malnutrition

Answer 25

stunting: measure of height is 2 st.dev below standard. = chronic malnutrition
wasting: measure of weight for height that is 2 st. dev below standard. = acute food shortage/disease
overweight: above average weight for height

Question 26

what is double burden of malnutrition

Answer 26

high rates of undernutrition among children, persist as there is rapid increase in rate of ppl who are overweight.

Question 27

factor most assoc with malnutrition

Answer 27

resources are concentrated = few ppl control while access given to very few.

Question 28

what is cartesian dualism

Answer 28

body is biological object that is completely separate from self + that changes in one will have no effect on the other

Question 29

define illness behaviour

Answer 29

responding to symptoms + deciding what actions to take

Question 30

illness behaviour model

Answer 30

predicts circumstances in which individuals are most likely to seek medical care.

Question 31

interruption / intrusion/ immersion of disability or illness in life

Answer 31

interruption: small + temporary part of persons life.
intrusion: demanding time, accommodation + attention requiring that person live “day to day”
immersion: structure life around demands of their bodies rather than structuring demands of body around life

Question 32

health belief model - most likely to comply with treatment when?

Answer 32

susceptible to health probelm that could have serious consequences; compliance will help; perceive no significant barriers to compliance.

Question 33

social service agency : 3 ways they function

Answer 33

1. adopt medical model of disability. individual compensate for deficiency. = ID individual problems rather than looking for individual strengths.
2. disability = flaw. progress = less-disabled..
3. hierarchical pattern of care: social service providers > client in decision regarding client life.