Immune,patho,dol, Virus Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is a pathogen?
An organism that causes disease, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites.
What are the two main types of immune responses?
Nonspecific (innate) and specific (acquired) immunity.
What are the primary barriers in innate immunity?
Skin, mucous membranes, and secretions.
What cells are involved in the nonspecific immune response?
Myeloid leukocytes like macrophages, mast cells, and cytokines.
What is the function of antibodies in specific immunity?
They bind to antigens to tag/disable them and alert immune cells.
Where do B and T cells mature?
B cells mature in the bone marrow; T cells mature in the thymus.
What is the role of cytotoxic T cells?
They bind to infected cells and destroy them directly.
What are memory B cells?
Cells that remain after infection to provide quick future responses.
Why do some stem cell transplants fail?
Mismatch in the Major Histocompatibility Complex, triggering immune rejection.
Are viruses considered living organisms?
No, they lack characteristics of life like metabolism and cellular structure.
What is a virus made of?
A nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid).
What is a retrovirus?
A virus with RNA that transcribes into DNA (e.g., HIV).
What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that infects bacteria.
What is a prion?
A protein-only infectious particle, causes fatal brain diseases.
How do viruses replicate?
By hijacking a host cell’s machinery to produce copies and burst the host cell.
What makes viruses specific to certain cells?
The virus’s surface markers must match receptor sites on the host cell.
Can viruses be treated with antibiotics?
No, antibiotics only work on bacteria.
What are the six kingdoms of life?
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals.
What domains do the six kingdoms fall under?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles; eukaryotic cells have them.
Which kingdoms consist of prokaryotes?
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
Which kingdoms consist of only heterotrophs?
Fungi and Animals.
What are autotrophs?
Organisms that make their own food (e.g., plants, some bacteria).
What are some characteristics of fungi?
Eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, heterotrophs, have cell walls.
