Immune system 1 - Innate Immunity WK9 L3

Question 1

WHAT ARE PATHIGENS?

Answer 1

DISEASE CAUSING MICRO ORGANISIMS

Question 2

WHAT ARE NON PATHOGENS?

Answer 2

MICROBES THAT DO NTO CAUSE DISEASE

Question 3

WHAT DOES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CONSIST OF?

Answer 3

A WIDELY DISTRIBUTED POPULATION OF CELLS THAT INHABIT ORGANS IN THE BODY
DIVERSE CHEMICALS WHICH PRODUCE TO NEUTRALISE AND DESTROY PATHIEGNS
PHYSICAL BARRIERS TO STOP PATHOGEN INVASION
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES LIKE FEVER AND INFLAMATION

Question 4

HOW MANY LINES OF DEFENSE DOES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM HAVE?

Answer 4

3

Question 5

WHAT ARE THE THREE LINES OF DEFENSE?

Answer 5

EPITHELIAL BARRIERS AND SECRETIONS
PROTECTION AGAINST PATHOGENS THAT BREAK THROUGH EXTRENAL BARRIERS
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Question 6

WHAT ARE THE EPITHELIAL BARRIERS AND SECRETIONS?

Answer 6

SKIN AND MUCCOUS MEMBRANES WHICH ARE IMPENITRIBLE TO MOST OF THE PATHOGENS THAT ATTACK THE BODY

Question 7

WHAT IS THE PROTECTION AGAINST PATHOGENS THAT BREAK THROUGH EXTRENAL BARRIERS?

Answer 7

INCLUSIVE OF LEUKACYTES, MACROPHAGES, ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS, NATURAL KILLER CELLS, FEVER AND INFLAMATION

Question 8

WHAT IS THE PROTECTION AGAINST PATHOGENS THAT BREAK THROUGH EXTRENAL BARRIERS?

Answer 8

INCLUSIVE OF LEUKACYTES, MACROPHAGES, ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS, NATURAL KILLER CELLS, FEVER AND INFLAMATION

Question 9

WHAT IS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Answer 9

GROUP OF MECHANISMS THAT DEFEAT A SPECIFIC PATHOGEN AND LEAVE THE BODY WITH MEMORY WHICH ENABLE THE BODY TO DEFEAT FUTURE PATHIGENS AND CAUSE NO ILLNESS

Question 10

WHAT ARE THE CATEGORIES OF MACHANISIM DEFENSE?

Answer 10

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY AND INNATE IMMUNITY

Question 11

WHAT DOES INNATE IMMUNITY CONSIST OF?

Answer 11

DEFENCES WE ARE BORN WITH THAT PROTEC THE BDY FROM A BROAD SPECTRUM OF DISESASE AGENTS

Question 12

WHAT DOES ADPATIVE IMMUNITY CONSIST OF?

Answer 12

CONSTITUTES THE THIRD LINE OF DEFENCE - MEMORISES ENCOUNTERED PATHOGENS AND ADAPTS THE BODY TO THE PATHOGEN SO WE BECOME LESS VULNERABLE THE NEXT TIME WE ENCOUNTER THE SAME PATHOGEN

Question 13

WHAT IS DIFFRENT ABOUT INNATE IMMUNITY?

Answer 13

TARGETS PATHGENS AT POINF OF INVASION
ACTS OUT AGAINST A BROAD SPECTRUM OF PATHOGENS
LACKS IMMUNITY MEMORY

Question 14

WHAT IS DIFFRENT ABOUT INNATE IMMUNITY?

Answer 14

TARGETS PATHGENS AT POINF OF INVASION
ACTS OUT AGAINST A BROAD SPECTRUM OF PATHOGENS
LACKS IMMUNITY MEMORY

Question 15

WHAT DEFENCES DOES INNATE IMMUNITY HAVE?

Answer 15

PROTECITVE PROTEINS LIKE KERATIN, INTERFERONS, AND COMPLEMENT
PROTECTIVE CELLS LIKE NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES
PROTECTIVE PROCESSES LIKE FEVER AND INFLAMATION

Question 16

WHAT IS DIFFRENT ABOUT APAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Answer 16

ACTS THROGUHOUT THE BODY TO DEFEAT PATHOGEN WHERE ITS FOUND, NOT AT THE ENTRY SITE
PATHOGEN SPECIFIC
HAS IMMUNITY MEMORY

Question 17

WHAT DEFENCES DOES ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY HAVE?

Answer 17

EMPLOYS LYMPHOCYTES
HUMORAL IMMUNITY FROM FROM ANTIBODIES MADE BY B CELLS
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY FROM T CELLS

Question 18

WHAT ARE THE MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL BARRIERS OF DEFENSE?

Answer 18

SKIN FEATURES THAT AID IN DEFENCE
MUCOUS MEMBRANES PROTECT DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
AREOLAR TISSUES BENEATH THE SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES CONTAIN HYALOURONIC ACID

Question 19

WHAT ARE THE SKIN FEATURES THAT AID IN DEFENCE?

Answer 19

SKIN COMPOSED OF MAINLY KERATIN WHICH IS HARD FOR PATHOGENS TO PENETRATE
MICROORGANISMS ARE PASSED OF AS SKIN IS SHED
SKIN IS DRY AND POOR IN NUTRIENTS THAT LIMITS MICROBIAL GROWTH
COATED IN DIVERSE ANTOMICROBIAL CHEMICALS
SWEAT AND SEBUM CREATE ACIDIC ENVIRONMNT WHICH INHIBITS GROWTH
SKIN PRODUCED PEPTIDES DESTROY PATHOGENS
SKIN DEFENSE IS HIGHTENED BY VITAMIN D

Question 20

WHT IS THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES PROTECTION FOR THE DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE TRACT TO AID DEFENSE?

Answer 20

THE STICKY MUCOUS INSIDE TRACTS TRAPS MICROORGANISIMS
IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM THE MUCOUS IS REMOVED BY THE CILIA TO THE PHARYNX TO BE SWALLOWED AND DESTROYED BY STOMACH ACIDS
PATHOGENS FLUSHED FROM UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT BY SALIVA AND FRROM LOWER URINARY TRACT BY URINE
MUCUS TEARS AND SALIVA CONTAIN LYSOZOME WHICH DESTROYS BACTERIA BY DISOLVING THE CELLS WALL

Question 21

WHAT DOES THE AREOLAR TISSUES BENEATH THE SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES CONTAIN HYALOURONIC ACID DO TO AID DEFENSE?

Answer 21

DIFFICULT FOR MICROORGANISMS TO PASS THROUGH THE STICKY GEL

SOME PATHIGENS PRODUCE HYALURONIDASE AIDING OF INVASION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Question 22

WHAT ARE ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS?

Answer 22

PROTEINS TAHT CIRCULATE ON THE BLOOD THAT ASSIT WITH KILLING PATHOGENS

Question 23

WHAT ARE THE TWO FAMILIES OF BLOOD BOURNE ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS?

Answer 23

INTERFERON AND COMPLEMENT SYSTEMS

Question 24

WHAT ARE INTERFERONS?

Answer 24

SECRETIONS OF VIRUS INFECTED CELLS MADE TO PROTECT IT

Question 25

WHAT DO INTERFERONS DO?

Answer 25

ACTIVATES INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE THE PROMOTES CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND NATURAL KILLER CELLS AND ANTIGEN PRESENTATION BREAK DOWN VIRAL GENES PREVENT VIRAL REPLICATION ACTIVATE NATURAL KILLER CELLS AND MACROPHAGES TO DESTROY CELLS BEFORE THEY RELEASE VIRONS

Question 26

WHAT ARE COMPLEMENT SYSTEMS?

Answer 26

CONSISTS OF MANY SMALL PLASMA PROTEINS FOUND IN BLOOD MADE BY THE LIVER, THEY CIRCULATE AS INACTIVE PRECURSORS

Question 27

WHAT DO COMPLEMENT SYSTEMS DO?

Answer 27

CONTRIBUTES TO INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY THE PLASMA PROTEINS REACT WITH EACH OTHER TO OPSONIZE PATHOGENS AND INDUCE A SERIES OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES THET HELP TO FIGHT INFECTION

Question 28

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF COMPLEMENT PROTEINS?

Answer 28

ACTIVATED COMPLEMENT | INNACTIVE COMPLEMENT

Question 29

WHAT ARE INACTIVE COMPLEMENT PROTEINS?

Answer 29

PROTEINS CIRCULATED IN THE BLOOD AND ARE ACTIVATED BY PATHOGENS

Question 30

WHAT ARE THE PATHWAYS FOR INACTIVE COMPLEMENT PROTEINS?

Answer 30

CLASSICAL PATHWAY - REQUIRES ANTIBODIES (ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY) ALTERNATE PATHWAY - VIRUSES, BACTERIA, YEASTS, TUMOUR CELLS LECTIN PATHWAY - CARBOHYDRATES ON A MICROBIAL CELL SURFACE

Question 31

WHAT ARE THE 4 METHODS FOR ACTIVATED COMPLEMENT PROTEINS TO DESTROY PATHOGENS?

Answer 31

ENHANCING INFLAMATION MEDIATES IMMUNE CLEARANCE (CLEARS AWAY ANTIGEN - ANTIBODY COMPLEX) STIMULATES PHAGOCYTOSIS (COATS CELLS MAKING THEM STICKY TO PHAGOCYTES) PERFORM CYTOLYSIS (PROTEINS FROM MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX THET PUNCHES HOLE IN TARGETED CELL)

Question 32

WHAT ARE NEUTROPHILS?

Answer 32

A TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL

Question 33

WHAT DO NEUTRAPHILS DO?

Answer 33

PHAGOCYTOSIS AND DIGESTION RELEASE LYSAZOMES THAT SURROUND THE PATHOGEN WHICH KILLS THEM THE OXODISING AGENTS CAN DAMAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Question 34

WHERE ARE EOSNIPHILS LOCATED?

Answer 34

FOUND IN MUCOUS MEMBRANES

Question 35

WHAT DO EISINIPHILS DO?

Answer 35

SECRETS ENZYMES AND TOHER PRODUCTS THAT DAMAGE PATHOGENS IN THE SURROUNDING AREAS PRODUCE TOXIC PROTEINS TO BREAKDOWN WORM PRASITES SECERTE ENZYMES THAT DEGRAME HISTAMINES

Question 36

WHERE ARE BASOFILS LOCATED?

Answer 36

INSIDE BONE MARROW

Question 37

WHAT DO BASOFILS DO?

Answer 37

SECRETE CHEMICALS CALLED CHEMOTASTIC GROUP OF CHEMICALS WHICH ATTRACT OTHER WHITE BLOOD CELLS TO AND AREA OF INFLAMATION SECRETES HISTAMINE SECERETS ANTICIOGULANT HEPRIN TO INHIBIT BLOOD CLOTTING

Question 38

WHAT ARE GRANULOCYTES?

Answer 38

WHILE BLOOD CELLS THAT RELEASE SPECIFIC HCEMICALS THAT ASSIST IN IMMUNE RESPOSNE

Question 39

WHERE ARE MONOCYTES FOUND?

Answer 39

BONE MARROW

Question 40

WHAT DO MONOCYTES DO?

Answer 40

WHEN MIGRATED INTO THE BLOOD BECOMES MACROPHAGES | DETECT PATHOGENS AND PRESENT THEM TO TOHER CELLS TO DESTROY

Question 41

WHAT ARE NATURAL KILLER CELLS?

Answer 41

CELLS THAT HAVE A DIRECT ATTACK ON PATHOGENS | RELEASE PERFERINS WHICH PUNCHES A HOLE IN THE INFECTED CELLS THEN RELEASES ENZYMES THAT CAUSES THE CELL TO DIE

Question 42

WHAT IS PYERXIA?

Answer 42

FEVER IS ABNORMAL ELEVATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE

Question 43

WHAT IS FEBRILE?

Answer 43

HIGH TEMPERATURE/FEVER

Question 44

WHAT DO FEVERS DO?

Answer 44

SPEDD UP METABOLISIM ENHANCES EFFECTS OF INTERFERON MAKE IT HARD FOR VIRUS AND BACTRIA TO MULTIPLY

Question 45

WHAT CAUSES FEVERS?

Answer 45

PYROGENS CAUSING CORE TEMPERATURE TO INCREASE

Question 46

WHAT ARE PYROGENS?

Answer 46

A VIRUS/BACTERIA WHICH CAUSES CORE BODY TEMPERATURE TO INCREASE

Question 47

WHAT ARE THE TYPE OF PYROGENS?

Answer 47

EXOGENEOUS PYROGENS | ENDOGENEOUS OYROGENS

Question 48

WHAT DO EXOGENEOUS PYROGENS DO?

Answer 48

FEVER PRODUCING AGENTS FROM OUTSIDE THE BODY

Question 49

WHAT DO ENDOGENEOUS PYROGENS DO?

Answer 49

FEVER PRODUCING AGENTS FROM INSIDE THE BODY

Question 50

WHAT PART OF THE BRAIN CONTROLS BODY TEMPERATURE

Answer 50

HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 51

WHAT IS INFLAMATION?

Answer 51

A LOCAL DEFENSIVE RESPONSE TO ANY KIND OF TISSUE INJURY INCLUDING TRAUMA AND INFECTION

Question 52

WHAT IS INFLAMATIONS PURPOSE?

Answer 52

TO LIMIT THE SPREAD OF PATHOGENS REMOVES PATHEOGN DAMAGED INITIATE TISSUE REPAID AFTER PATHOGAN HAS BEEN RMEOVED

Question 53

WHAT ARE HE CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMATION?

Answer 53

REDNESS, SWELLING, HEAT, PAIN, LOSS OF FUNCTION DUE TO PAIN

Question 54

WHAT IS ITIS?

Answer 54

INFLAMATION

Question 55

WHAT HAPPENS DURING INFLAMATION

Answer 55

GETS WHITE BLOOD CELLS TO INFLAMED AREA CONTAINS PATHIGENS IN LOCALISED AREA CLEANS DAMAGE TO TISSUES

Question 56

WHAT ARE VASOACTIVE CHEMICALS

Answer 56

an endogenous agent or pharmaceutical drug that has the effect of either increasing or decreasing blood pressure and/or heart rate through its vasoactivity AN ENDOENOUS AGENT OR PHARMACUTICAL DRUG WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO