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MCDB 1B > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

In an outbreak of meningitis why was it easier to contract the disease when it was injected than when contacted with in the general environment

A

The fungus was able to avoid most innate defenses when injected

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2
Q

What is the innate system

A

a defense active immediately upon infection

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3
Q

is the innate system specific or not specific

A

Not specific. Born with it, on all the time

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4
Q

What are the external barrier defenses in the innate system

A

Skin, mucous membrane, secretions

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5
Q

Does the innate response happen fast or slow

A

rapid response

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6
Q

What type of pathogens does the innate system recognize

A

Recognizes traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using small set of receptors

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7
Q

What defenses are part of the innate system in vertebrates

A

Phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides, natural killer cells, interferons, and the inflammatory response

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8
Q

How do innate immune cells recognize groups of pathogens

A

Through TLRs, or Toll Like Receptors

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9
Q

What do Toll like receptors (TLRs) do

A

They recognize fragments of molecules characteristics of a set of pathogens

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10
Q

How many TLRs do humans have

A

13

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11
Q

Are natural killer cells part of the cellular innate defense or the adaptive response

A

Part of cellular innate defense in vertebrates

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12
Q

What do natural killer cells do

A

They circulate through body and detect abnormal cells

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13
Q

How do natural killer cells kill cells they determine to be abnormal

A

They release chemicals leading to cell death

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14
Q

Does the cellular innate defense involve the lymphatic system

A

Yes, many cellular innate defenses involve the lymphatic system.

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15
Q

Are peptides and proteins part of the innate defense or adaptive response

A

Innate defense

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16
Q

What do peptides and proteins do

A

Function in innate defense by attacking pathogens or impeding their reproduction

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17
Q

Which defense system are interferons part of

A

Interferon proteins provide innate defense

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18
Q

What do interferon proteins do

A

Interferons with viruses and help activate macrophages

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19
Q

What does the complement system do

A

cause lysis of invading cells and helps trigger inflammation

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20
Q

How many proteins make up complement system

A

about 30 proteins

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21
Q

How do some pathogens evade the innate system

A

Some pathogens avoid destruction by modifying their surface to prevent recognition or resisting

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22
Q

Which of the following are part of the adaptive immune response. Complement proteins, macrophages, natural killer cells, mucus

A

None of them

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23
Q

what are the internal defenses for the innate system

A

Phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response

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24
Q

What are the main type of phagocytic cells

A

neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells

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25
What are neutrophils
The most abundant white blood cells (they circulate in the blood)
26
Where are macrophages found
they migrate through the body or reside permanently in some organs and tissues
27
What are the main organs macrophages reside in
Spleen and liver
28
What do dendritic cells do
Stimulate development of adaptive immunity
29
Where are dendritic cells found
found in tissue of external pathways (where pathogens would most likely enter from)
30
Are eosinophils part of phagocytic cells
Yes
31
What do Eosinophils do
discharge destructive enzymes against parasites
32
What are the major lymph sites in the lymphatic system
bone marrow, thymus, and spleen
33
What is the inflammatory response
The pain, swelling, redness and warmth that occurs during injury or infection
34
How is the inflammatory response activated
Mast cells release histamine, which triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable
35
Where are mast cells found
connective tissue
36
Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue: Spleen, Thymus, Bone marrow, lymph nodes
All of the following are lymphoid tissues
37
Where are T cells secreted
the bone marrow
38
Where are B cells secreted
Bone marrow
39
where do B cells mature
The bone marrow
40
Where do T cells mature
the Thymus
41
Which is activated first. the innate or adaptive system
the innate is activated first
42
Does the adaptive system have a fast or slower response
slow response
43
Does the adaptive system recognize broad or specific pathogens
recognizes traits specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors
44
What are the 2 responses in the adaptive system
Humoral response and the cell mediated response
45
What is the humoral response
Antibodies defect again infection in body fluids
46
what is the cell mediated response
cytotoxic cells defend against infection in body cells
47
What two types of lymphocytes, or white blood cells, does the adaptive response rely on
T and B cells
48
Are B cells under the humoral or cell mediated response
B cells are under humoral immunity
49
What do B cells secrete
B cells secrete antibodies
50
Do antibodies target extracellular or intracellular pathogens
Antibodies target extracellular pathogens
51
Are cytotoxic T cells under the humoral or cell mediated response
Cytotoxic T cells are under the cell mediated response
52
Are cytotoxic T cells under the humoral or cell mediated response
Cytotoxic T cells are under the cell mediated response
53
What do cytotoxic t cells do
Kill virus infected/ cancer cells
54
Do cytotoxic T cells target extracellular or intracellular pathogens
Cytotoxic T cells target intracellular pathogens
55
What is an epitope
small part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor
56
how are epitopes recognized
each b or T cell is specialized to recognize a specific epitope
57
Which part of an antibody makes it specific
the variable site; the constant region is the same for all antibodies
58
What are immunoglobulin (Ig)
Another name for antibodies
58
What are immunoglobulin (Ig)
Another name for antibodies
59
How do antibodies bind to antigens
Can bind to surface of antigens or free floating antigens in plasma
60
How is specificity maintained in antibodies
Specific for one particular target such as Antibody A, antibody B etc.
61
What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
The MHC proteins are plasma membrane glycoproteins
62
What is the function of MHC proteins
to display antigens.
63
Why are MHC proteins important
no ones MHC proteins are the same. This is how your cells are identified
64
Where are Class I MHC proteins located
present on the surface of every nucleated cell in vertebrates
65
Where are Class II MHC proteins found
found mostly on the surface of B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages (antigen-presenting cells)
66
What are the antigen presenting cells
macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells
67
What can T cell receptors bind to?
Can ONLY bind to antigen fragments displayed or presented on MHC molecules
68
What is antigen presentation
MHC molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to the cell surface
69
How do T cells know which cells are infected
because of MHC proteins, infected cells present something on the surface saying that its infected
70
In order for a T cell to participate in the adaptive immune response, what must it bind to
A T cell receptor must bind to both the antigen fragment and the MHC molecule
71
4 main characteristics of adaptive immune system
Diversity of lymphocytes and receptors, doesn't attack itself, b and T cells multiply after activation, immunological memory
72
What is the primary immune response
The first exposure to a specific antigen
73
Why is the primary response slow
Slow to develop (2 weeks) because it has t produce all cells and steps
74
What is the secondary immune response
a faster, more efficient response to the same antigen
75
Why is the secondary immune response much faster than the primary response
a reservoir of T and B memory cells are left over from the primary response because a clone of lymphocytes are formed during the primary response
76
What is the humoral immune response
antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph
77
what is the cell mediated immune response
specialized T cells (cytotoxic T cells) destroy affected host cells
78
What are helper T cells
activates both the humoral and cell mediated immune responses
79
function of helper T cells
to activate the appropriate B cells
80
Function of antibodies
they mark pathogens for inactivation of destruction. the do not kill pathogens
81
Are MHC proteins the same in all vertebrates
No, this is how your body distinguishes your cells from others. everyones are different
82
are the binding sites on immunoglobulin molecules identical
no, they have two binding sites but they are not identical
83
What do toll like receptors (TLRs) bind to
Highly conserved foreign molecules expressed by pathogens
84
How do phagocytes kill harmful bacteria
Through endocytosis
85
What is endocytosis
where a pathogen is engulfed by the phagocytic cell
86
What is the clonal selection theory
an individual animal contains many types of B cells, each producing one kind of antibody
87
What is an antigenic determinant
it is part of an antigen to which an antibody binds
88
are T cell receptors the primary receptors for the humoral immune system
No B cells are
89
Do T cell clone differentiate into other T cells like cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells and plasma cells?
No, helper T cells clone and form many t helper cells which then activate the appropriate B cells

MCDB 1B (9 decks)

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