Sensory System

Question 1

What do sensory receptors do

Answer 1

They transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system

Question 2

What is generated when a stimulus is received and processed by the nervous system

Answer 2

a motor response may be generated

Question 3

What are the four basic functions of sensory pathways

Answer 3

sensory reception, transduction, transmission, perception

Question 4

what are sensory cells and what do they detect

Answer 4

modified neurons specialized for detecting different kinds of stimuli like pressure, heat, and light

Question 5

What is an afferent neuron

Answer 5

signals are going to the central nervous system

Question 6

what is an efferent neuron

Answer 6

signals are leaving (sent out of) the central nervous system

Question 7

What is a neuronal receptor

Answer 7

receptor is the afferent neuron

Question 8

what is a non neuronal receptor

Answer 8

receptor regulates afferent neuron

Question 9

how does sensory information travel through the nervous system

Answer 9

travels through the nervous system as action potentials

Question 10

What is sensory transduction

Answer 10

the conversion of stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential of sensory receptor

Question 11

What is receptor potential

Answer 11

the change in membrane potential

Question 12

does the size of a receptor potential increase or decrease with the intensity of the stimulus

Answer 12

receptor potential increases

Question 13

how does the brain distinguish the stimuli from different receptors

Answer 13

based on the path that the action potentials arrive

Question 14

What is amplification during perception

Answer 14

the strengthening of a sensory signal during transduction

Question 15

what is sensory adaptation in perception

Answer 15

a decrease in responsiveness to continued stimulation

Question 16

ionotropic sensory detection

Answer 16

the receptor protein is part of the ion channel

Question 17

how does an ionotropic sensory detector open and close

Answer 17

the receptor protein changes its conformation to open and closes the channel pore

Question 18

metabotropic sensory detection

Answer 18

the receptor protein is linked to a G protein (channel is controlled by g protein)

Question 19

how does channel open through metabotropic sensory detection

Answer 19

G protein activates a cascade of intracellular events that eventually open or close ion channels

Question 20

are chemoreceptors and photoreceptors part of metabotrophic or ionotrophic sensory detection

Answer 20

metabotropic sensory detection

Question 21

is a mechanoreceptor ionotrophic or metabotrophic

Answer 21

ionotrophic sensory detection

Question 22

What do Primary sensory cells do with action potentials

Answer 22

generate action potentials directly

Question 23

what do secondary sensory cells do with action potentials

Answer 23

generate action potentials indirectly by inducing the release of neurotransmitters (produce neurotransmitter which then produce the action potential)

Question 24

based on energy transduced, sensory receptors fall into five categories. what are they

Answer 24

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, electromagnetic receptors, thermoreceptors, pain receptors

Question 25

what stimuli do mechanoreceptors sense

Answer 25

sensitive to pressure and touch

Question 26

what stimuli do chemoreceptors sense

Answer 26

sensitive to chemicals (smell and taste)

Question 27

what stimuli do electromagnetic receptors sense

Answer 27

electromagnetic energy (light, electricity, magnetism)

Question 28

what stimuli do thermoreceptors sense

Answer 28

temperature

Question 29

what stimuli do pain receptors sense

Answer 29

pain

Question 30

What is gustation and what are the detection molecules called

Answer 30

gustation is taste and is dependent on tiger detection of chemicals called tastants

Question 31

What is olfaction and what are the detection molecules called

Answer 31

Olfaction is smell and is dependent on the detection of odorant molecules

Question 32

how many taste receptors do humans have

Answer 32

5 (sweet, sour, umami, salty, bitter)

Question 33

how does brain perceive taste

Answer 33

brain perceives taste based on which sensory receptors it triggers.

Question 34

What is the sequence for sensory processing

Answer 34

stimulus reception, sensory transduction, sensory perception, sensory adaptation

Question 35

what are the two main types of photoreceptor cells

Answer 35

Rods and cones

Question 36

What are rods

Answer 36

They are more sensitive to light but do not distinguish color

Question 37

What are cones

Answer 37

cones provide color to vision

Question 38

What is the light receptor molecule called

Answer 38

Rhodopsins

Question 39

What do rhodopsins do

Answer 39

can absorb photons of light and undergo conformational changes

Question 40

why is vitamin A important in light detection/ sight

Answer 40

Retinal is derived from Vitamin A. retinal is a protein found in rhodopsin and is important to the light detection

Question 41

how is color perceived in humans

Answer 41

color is sensed through pigments that are called photopsins which are formed when retinal binds to three distinct opsin proteins

Question 42

where is the highest density of cones located

Answer 42

in the center of the eye

Question 43

where is the highest density of rods

Answer 43

the periphery

Question 44

do receptor potentials cause the release of neurotransmitters?

Answer 44

Yes

Question 45

can receptor potentials cause an action potential?

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

What is a change in membrane potential of the sensory cell

Answer 46

Receptor potential

Question 47

Can receptor potentials be amplified?

Answer 47

Yes

Question 48

what will an increase of intensity of a stimulus affecting a primary receptor cell cause

Answer 48

an increase in the frequency of action potentials fired

Question 49

what could a change in the intensity of the stimulus affection a sensory neuron result in

Answer 49

the variation in the frequency of an action potential, and a variation in the amount of neurotransmitter released

Question 50

what is an example of a secondary receptor cell with a metabotropic chemoreceptor

Answer 50

umami taste receptor cell

Question 51

what is the difference between inotropic and metabotropic receptors

Answer 51

inotropic receptors are ion channels ad metabotropic are indirectly linked to ion channels

Question 52

where are taste buds found

Answer 52

found in the papillae of the tongue

Question 53

is a sour taste bud cell a primary or secondary ionotropic or metabotropic protein

Answer 53

secondary ionotropic

Question 54

is a rod cell a primary or secondary ionotropic or metabotropic protein

Answer 54

secondary metabotropic

Question 55

is an olfactory neuron a primary or secondary ionotropic or metabotropic protein

Answer 55

primary metabotropic

Question 56

do all olfactory sensory cells have metabotropic receptors

Answer 56

yes

Question 57

how do receptor potentials affect nearby cells

Answer 57

they change the potential of nearby membrane in response to stimulus

Question 58

a drug prevents afferent neurons from firing action potentials, which factor of sensory pathway is being affected

Answer 58

transmission