Immune System

Question 1

What two intrinsic systems make up the immune system?

Answer 1

Innate and adaptive

Question 2

Which is antigen specific between innate and adaptive?

Answer 2

Innate

Question 3

What are the constituents of the innate system?

Answer 3

1st and 2nd line of defense

Question 4

What is the first line of defense

Answer 4

External body membranes
(Skin and mucosae)

Question 5

What is the second line of defense?

Answer 5

Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes inflammation and other cells

Question 6

What are the constituents of the adaptive defense system?

Answer 6

Third line of defense

Question 7

What is the third line of defense?

Answer 7

Attacks particular foreign substances

Question 8

Fun facts about innate and adaptive defenses

Answer 8

Both recognize many of the same defensive molecules
Innate defenses do have specific pathways for certain substances
Innate responses release proteins that alert cells of the adaptive system

Question 9

Simplified overview of innate and adaptive systems

Answer 9

Innate defense- surface barriers
Skin and mucous
Internal defenses- phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins and fever

Adaptive - humoral immunity (B cells)
Cellular immunity (T cells)

Question 10

Acid inhibits microbe growth
Enzymes- lysozyme of saliva and respiratory kill microorganisms
Mucin- sticky mucus that lines digesoand respiratory tract and helps trap microorganisms
Defensins- antimicrobial peptides that inhibits microbial growth

Answer 10

Protective chemicals produced by skin and mucous membranes

Question 11

Second line of defense cells and chemicals

Answer 11

phagocytes
Natural killer cells
Inflammatory response
Antimicrobial proteins (interferons and complement proteins)
Fever

Question 12

Pattern recognition receptors

Answer 12

Many second line cells have this. It helps them to recognize and bind tightly to structures in microbes disarming them before they do harm

Question 13

Toll like receptors

Answer 13

Play central role in triggering immune response

Question 14

Which cell dies fighting?

Answer 14

Neutrophils

Question 15

Opsonization

Answer 15

The immune system uses antibodies or complement proteins as opsonins that coat pathogens. This helps phagocytosis

Question 16

Phagocytosis

Answer 16

Phagocyte adheres to pathogen or debris

Phagocytes form pseudopods that eventually engulf the particles forming a phagasome

Lysozyme fuses with the phagocytic vesicle forming a phagolysysome

Toxic compounds and lysosomal enzymes destroy pathogen

Sometimes exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material

Question 17

Natural killer cells

Answer 17

Kill by inducing apoptosis in cancer and virus infected cells

Secretes hormones that enhance inflammation

Perforins permeate cell membrane to release cell contents

Question 18

Cardinal signs of acute inflammation

Answer 18

Redness and heat because of dilation of blood vessels
Swelling because of compressed nerves
Pain

Question 19

Stages of inflammation

Answer 19

Inflammatory chemical release
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Phagocytes mobilize

Question 20

Inflammatory chemical release

Answer 20

Chemicals are released into ECF by injured tissues or immune cells

Question 21

Histamine

Answer 21

Released by mast cells. Attracts macrophages

Question 22

Other inflammatory mediators

Answer 22

Kinins , prostaglandins, cytokines and if pathogens are involved complement

Question 23

What do these inflammation chemicals have in common?

Answer 23

All cause vasodilation of local arterioles
All make capillaries leaky
Many attract phagocytes to area

Question 24

What does vasodilation and increased vascular permeability cause?

Answer 24

Vasodilation causes hyperemia and the increase in capillary permeability causes exudate

Question 25

Hyperemia

Answer 25

Congestion with blood It leads to redness and heat

Question 26

Exudate

Answer 26

Fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies leak into tissue. Leads to swelling (edema) and swelling pushes on nerves resulting in pain

Question 27

Tissue response to injury Phagocytes mobilize

Answer 27

Four steps

Question 28

Release of neutrophils from bone marrow in response to leukocytosis -inducing factors from injured cells

Answer 28

Leukocytosis

Question 29

Endothelial cells of capillaries in inflamed area project cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) into vessel lumen that grab onto passing neutrophils, causing them to slow and roll along, clinging to vessel wall

Answer 29

Margination

Question 30

Neutrophils flatten and squeeze between endothelial cells, moving into interstitial spaces

Answer 30

Diapedesis

Question 31

Inflammatory chemicals act as chemotactic agents that promote positive chemotaxis of neutrophils toward the injured area. WBC's are drawn to area of inflammation

Answer 31

Chemotaxis

Question 32

Antimicrobial proteins

Answer 32

Interferons and fever + complement proteins

Question 33

Interferons

Answer 33

Prevents replication of virus when virus enters our body by warning other cells

Question 34

Complement proteins

Answer 34

Enhance cell lysis , phagocytosis and inflammation

Question 35

Fever

Answer 35

Prevent microbial proliferation by making essential substances unavailable to them

Question 36

Adaptive immunity

Answer 36

Responsible for determining which lymphocyte cell or cells will eventually become activated

Question 37

Systemic

Answer 37

Not restricted to initial site

Question 38

Memory

Answer 38

Mounts and even stronger attack to known antigens

Question 39

Humoral immunity

Answer 39

Antibodies produced by lymphocytes circulate freely in body fluids Extracellular targets

Question 40

Cellular immunity

Answer 40

Lymphocytes act against target cell Cellular immunity gas cellular targets

Question 41

Characteristics of antigens

Answer 41

Can be complete or hapten (incomplete) Contain anti genetic determinants Can be self antigen Present in the external surface of cells Can be anything that is seen as foreign

Question 42

What are the antigen presenting cells

Answer 42

Macrophages Dendritic cells B cells

Question 43

Active humoral immunity

Answer 43

Occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them

Question 44

What are the two types of active humoral immunity

Answer 44

Naturally acquired and artificially acquired

Question 45

Active naturally acquired

Answer 45

Formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection (mumps)

Question 46

Active artificially acquired

Answer 46

Formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens

Question 47

Passive humoral immunity

Answer 47

Occurs when ready made antibodies are introduced into body

Question 48

Passive naturally acquired

Answer 48

Antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk

Question 49

Passive artificially acquired

Answer 49

Injection of serum, such as gamma globulins

Question 50

IgM

Answer 50

First antibody released Potent agglutinating agent Readily fixes and activates complement

Question 51

IgA

Answer 51

Found in mucus and other secretions Helps prevent entry if pathogens

Question 52

IgD

Answer 52

Attached to the surface of B cells Functions as B cells receptors

Question 53

IgG

Answer 53

75_85% of antibodies in plasma From secondary to late response Crosses placental barrier

Question 54

IgE

Answer 54

Active in some allergies and parasitic infections Causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine

Question 55

B lymphocytes (plasma cells) make antibodies

Question 56

Antibody targets and functions

Answer 56

Antibodies do not destroy antigens ; they inactivate and tag them

Question 57

Antigens-antibody immune complex

Answer 57

Activates complement proteins

Question 58

Defensive mechanisms used by antibodies

Answer 58

Neutralization Agglutination Precipitation Complement fixation