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SHS112 > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

(78 cards)

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0
Q

____ cells are a type of lymphocyte that develop in the bone marrow

A

B

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1
Q

Lymphocytes recognise pathogens and are involved in the __________ immune response

A

Adaptive

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2
Q

T cells develop in the ______

A

Thymus

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3
Q

B-cell, plasma cell, memory cell are examples of what kind of lymphocyte cell

A

B cells

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4
Q

T cells include: helper T cells, c________ T cells and _________ suppressor

A

Cytotoxic

Suppressor

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5
Q

The two types of responses of the immune system are what

A
  1. Non-specific (innate)

And 2. Specific (adaptive)

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6
Q

The nonspecific (_________) immune system is generalised defense mechanisms - including barrier defenses, immflamatin, interferon, complement system and natural killer cells

A

Innate

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7
Q

The specific (_______) immune system has directed responses against specific targets

A

Adaptive

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8
Q

The specific (adaptive) immune response has two ways of working:

A 
Cell mediated immunity (t-cell)
Antibody or (humoral) mediated immunity (b-cell)
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9
Q

_____ lines of defence include
Skin
Mucosal membrane
Stomach and the gut

A

First

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10
Q

Innate or nonspecific defence = _______ line of defence

A

Second

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11
Q

__________ involves both innate and adaptive defence mechanisms

A

Inflammation.

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12
Q

The purpose of ________ is to stop spread, destroy any foreign material and repair any damage

A

inflammation

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13
Q

Inflammation step 3:
Macrophages and n__________ moving along blood vessel walls enter infected area via d_______ (squeezing through endothelial walls)

A

Neutrophils

diapedesis

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14
Q

C__________ change morphology, adhesive properties and permeability of endothelial cells

A

Cytokines

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15
Q

I_______ defence = natural killer (NK) cells

A

Innate

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16
Q

N_________ ______ cells look like large lymphocytes but non-T and non-B cells. They have no classical antigens receptors and no memory response

A

Natural killer

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17
Q

Natural killer kill by a___________ virus infected cells via pore formation (lysis) or Natural killer by pumping p________ into target cells

A

Apoptosing

Proteases

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18
Q

________ (IFN) - antiviral proteins and other properties

A

Interferons

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19
Q

There are two types of Interferons
Type 1: alpha and beta - prevent v____ application
Type 2: gamma - activates m_______ and other immune cells

A

Viral

macrophages

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20
Q

An innate defence of the body is the _______ system - a group of around 20 inactive proteins circulating in the blood (produced by the ___)

A

complement

Liver

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21
Q

Complement system has the classical pathway, ________ pathway and the alternative pathway

A

MB-lectin

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22
Q

The MB-lectin pathway and the alternative pathway are _______ defence

A

Innate

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23
Q

MB lectin pathway of the complement system is when ______ binds to the pathogens surface

A

Lectin

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24
The complement system kills micro organisms either in a combination with antibodies (complements) - classic pathway, or directly via the ________ pathway or ________ binding
Alternate | mannose
25
The complement system kills via l_______ - forms protein pore in target membrane - ___________ ________ ________ - 'Mac attack'
Lysis | Membrane attack complex
26
The third line of defence is the ________ or ________ immune system
Adaptive | Specific
27
The _____ line of defence Is a specific defensive system that recognises non-self and acts to protect it by immobilising, neutralising and or removal
third
28
Two classes of specific or adaptive immune responses (3rd line of defence) 1. A_______ mediated or humoral immunity 2. Cell mediated immunity
Antibody
29
A________ mediated (humoral) immunity involves the production of antibodies by differentiated B-__________ (plasma cells) or b-cells
Antibody | Lymphocytes
30
______ mediated immunity involves the production of t-lymphocytes or t-cells
Cell
31
B cells mature in what
Bone marrow
32
T cells mature where
Thymus
33
What cells specialise in bacteria, toxins and some viruses - secrete antibodies
B cells
34
What cells specialise in cancer and virus infected cells and kill directly
T cells
35
An ______ is anything that triggers an immune response
Antigen
36
A h_____ is a molecule to small to be antigenic but may attach to body proteins and then become antigenic
Hapten
37
Antibody mediated (humoral) immunity involves antibodies and B cells differentiating into ______ cells
plasma
38
Plasma cells are ______ generating factories
protein
39
On antibodies the ______ region contains antigen specificity
variable
40
On antibodies the ______ region determines what will happen to the antigen
Constant
41
Do antibodies themselves destroy foreign organisms ?
No
42
Antibodies produce physical _______ - neutralisation and agglutination
hinderance
43
Antibodies direct the responses of the nonspecific system against the object with activation if _______ system , enhancement of ________ and _______ of killer T cells
Compliment phagocytosis Stimulation
44
There are 5 classes of antibodies classified instruction provided by constant region These are:
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
45
Ig__ - mucosal surfaces - prevent colonisation also in tears, breast milk and saliva
IgA
46
IgD = receptors of ___-cells - activate mast and b_______ anti microbial action
B cells | Basophils
47
Ig___ = binds to allergens and triggers histamine release also acts on parasites
E
48
IgG = major ________ produced by ______ cells in copious amounts especially in secondary responses
antibodies | plasma
49
_____ = surface of B-cells secreted very early on - before IgG (earliest type)
IgM
50
Each B-cell is particular for a specific _______ - millions of antigens - millions of different B-cells (diversity big due to few highly mutable genes of variable region being slicing/dicing/reconfigured)
antigen
51
When stimulated by its antigen a B-cells duplicates and differentiates into either a ______________ cell (antibody producing factories) or sometimes a _________ cells (increasing number if b-cells for that antigen - basis for secondary response and vaccination)
Plasma | Memory
52
B-cells need to be introduced to their a________ to make lots of antibody
antigen
53
D_______ cells are the main antigen producing cells
Dendritic
54
Dendritic cells reside in ______ tissues and once activated go to _________ nodes and present antigens to ______ cells
Fronteir tissues Lymph T-helper
55
What cells present antigens to B cells (chemicals eg interleukin from B-cells to T-cells )
T helper cells present antigens to B cells
56
B cells differentiated to ____ cells
plasma
57
Once activated B cells will also present the ____
Antigen
58
Chemical signals (_______)
cytokines
59
______ can be pyrogenic, often made by t-helper cells, macrophages and endothelial cells - promote development and differentiation of b-cells and t-cells
Interleukins
60
Colony stimulating factors help in ________ and differentiation of white blood cells notably macrophages
proliferation
61
T_______ necrosis factors - induce apoptotic cell death, Immflamation and inhibit tumorigensis and viral replication.. Produced by ________ and other immune cells
Tumour | Macrophages
62
______ T cells help to inform plasma cells and activation of cytotoxic T-cells
Helper
63
What type of T-cells are killers and destroy virus infected tumor cells
Cytotoxic
64
What type of T cells help to suppress T cell activity. Act to destroy a virus infected cell, fast multiply bacteria and old cells and cancer forming cells
Regulatory T cells
65
______ t-cells are so populations of helper and cytotoxic populations that increase capacity to specific common antigens
Memory
66
Other than memory T cells most T cells self destruct (______) after immune response
apoptose
67
_____ destroy by direct contact with cell target
T cells
68
Major __________ complex I (MHC (I)) is found on normal cells of the body
Histocompatibility
69
Each individual person has a unique MHC combination - made from 2x3 ________ genes on chromosome 6
polymorphic
70
_________ is found only on cells of the immune system that specialise in taking up extra cellular antigens.
MHC II
71
MHC cells are loaded with foreign or new antigens will be targeted for destruction by _______ T cells
cytotoxic
72
For a cytotoxic t-cell to kill a cell displaying MHC class I molecules loaded with a foreign antigen it also needs a _______ (protein b7) - supplied by the antigen presenting cell
costimulis
73
Why doesn't the immune system destroy your bodies ?
``` Colonial deletion Colonial anergy Receptor editing Regulatory T cell suppression Antigen sequestering Privilege tissue status Anti inflammatory ```
74
An ________ is an environmental antigen
allergen
75
I_______ hypersensitivity - B cells and antibodies - IgE
Immediate
76
Allergies are _____ hypersensitivity
delayed
77
The ______ system and the _______ systems interact with the immune system
Nervous | Hormonal

SHS112 (16 decks)

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