Immune System

Question 1

Bone Marrow

Answer 1

where blood cells including stem cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes) are produced

Question 2

Two types of white blood cells

Answer 2

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Question 3

Granulocytes

Answer 3

eat bacteria and secrete toxins to fight of all pathogens; neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil - end in “PHIL”

Question 4

neutrophils

Answer 4

immunocompromises: want to know how many neutrophils, ANC test (absolute neutrophil count)

Question 5

eosinophil

Answer 5

parasites and allergies: elevated in allergic reactions with histamine release

Question 6

basophil

Answer 6

releases histamines contributing to inflammatory response

Question 7

agranulocytes

Answer 7

monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 8

monocytes

Answer 8

activated monocytes = macrophages, eat foreign cells and create antigen to recognize them

Question 9

lymphocytes

Answer 9

part of adaptive immune response, body learns different pathogens and organisms that it should be fighting against; T cells, B cells, memory cells

Question 10

T cells

Answer 10

coordinate and attack to directly kill pathogens “Killer T cells”

Question 11

B cells

Answer 11

produce antibodies

Question 12

Memory cells

Answer 12

hang around after pathogen (antigen) is gone so they know what it looks like and tells T and B cells what to do/what antibodies

Question 13

Antigen

Answer 13

protein marker on outside of cell, tells body what belongs and what to attack

Question 14

antibody

Answer 14

produced specifically for one antigen, looks for foreign body and once found destroys it

Question 15

active immunity

Answer 15

getting sick, exposure to new organisms, vaccinations, is maintained through adaptive immune responsep

Question 16

passive immunity

Answer 16

nothing stimulates production of antibodies; immunity only lasts as long as antibodies do; mother to fetus via placenta, breastfeeding, antibody administration (immune globulin)

Question 17

Antivirals

Answer 17

end in “vir”; acyclovir, ganciclovir, remdesivir

Question 18

antifungals

Answer 18

end in “zole” except for nystatin; fluconazole

Question 19

aminoglycosides

Answer 19

abx, gram negative infection, end in “mycin”, monitor for tinnitus, do not administer with penicillin

Question 20

vancomycin

Answer 20

abx, indicated for sepsis, bad for gut as it also kills good bacteria b/c it is broad spectrum, red-man syndrome if administered too quickly, monitor for ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, administer over at least 60min, is irritating to veins

Question 21

fluoroquinolones

Answer 21

abx, end in “floxacin”, all types of infections throughout body, can cause QT prolongation, tendon rupture, decrease effects of phenytoin

Question 22

Penicillins

Answer 22

abx, end in “cillin”, all infections in body, hard on kidneys (BUN, Cr), common allergy, rash

Question 23

immunosuppressants

Answer 23

act on immune system to decrease responsiveness, indicated for autoimmune disorders and transplant recipients, makes pt more susceptible to infection, no grapefruit, GI upset (n/v, anorexia, diarrhea), weakness, headache

Question 24

Inactivate vaccines

Answer 24

Hep A, flu, polio, rabies; are not as strong of an immunity boost, may need series or boosters

Question 25

Live vaccines

Answer 25

MMR, rotavirus, smallpox, chicken pox, yellow fever; are a bigger immune boost, need consult if immunocompromised or on immunosuppressant

Question 26

Immune globulins

Answer 26

passive immunity through antibody administration, high risk for reaction, titrated slowly

Question 27

Contact Precautions on pts with

Answer 27

MRSA, VRE, noroviruses, rotavirus, conjuctivitis, diptheria, herpes, lice, scabies, staph infections, c diif

Question 28

Droplet precautions on pts with

Answer 28

influenza, pertussis, mumps, rhinovirus, adenovirus, meningitis, strep, rubella, influenza type B, pharyngeal diptheria

Question 29

Airborne precautions on pts with

Answer 29

TB, measles (rubeola), varicella, SARS, COVID, smallpox

Question 30

sepsis

Answer 30

a systemic inflammatory reaction to an infection; infection enters into blood stream

Question 31

sepsis S&S

Answer 31

high lactic acid, metabolic acidosis, leukocytosis, hypotension (d/t vasoilation and increase in capillary membrane permeability = fluid leaking), tachypnea, tachycardia (body trying to compensate for low bp (=low CO)), febrile, fatigue, pale, extreme pain

Question 32

why does lactic acid elevate in sepsis

Answer 32

body has switched to anaerobic metabolism which means energy is being made without oxygen and lactic acid is the by product/waste of this metabolism

Question 33

sepsis tx

Answer 33

blood cultures (before abx admin), broad spectrum IV abx within 1 hr, IV fluids, vasopressors

Question 34

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Answer 34

immune system attacks joints, skin, brain, lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage

Question 35

Lupus S&S and Tx

Answer 35

fatigue, rashes, fever, pain and swelling in joints, flare ups and remission periods, no cure just symptom management; immunosuppressants, steroids, hydroxychloroquine

Question 36

Nervous system immune disorders include

Answer 36

Multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, guillain-barre

Question 37

rheumatoid arthiris

Answer 37

chronic inflammatory disease; leads to destruction of connective tissue and synovial membrane within the joints, has flare ups

Question 38

Psoriasis

Answer 38

chronic autoimmune T-cell mediated inflammatory skin disease

Question 39

Grave's Disease

Answer 39

autoimmune disease with antibodies attacking the thyroid, too much thyroid hormone; high T4 and T3 and low TSH

Question 40

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 40

body has destroyed beta cells of pancreas that produce insulin leading little to no insulin in the body and high levels of glucose in blood stream