Immune system Flashcards
1
Q
the body system that defends against foreign invaders
A
immune system
2
Q
bacteria, viruses, other organisms, foreign invaders (non-self)
A
invaders
3
Q
problematic immune responses, response to an invader is excessive
A
allergies, hypersensitivities
4
Q
problematic immune responses, self tissue is perceived as foreign or dangerous
A
auto-immunity
5
Q
type of microorganism that is too small to see with the unaided eye
A
microbe
6
Q
a microbe that causes disease
A
pathogen
7
Q
something that tends to kill or damage microbes
A
antimicrobial substance
8
Q
large molecules on cell surfaces that elicit specific responses from hosts. can be on self-cells and foreign-cells
A
antigen
9
Q
a specific, discrete component of an antigen that is used as an identifier and binding site by host immune cells
A
epitope
10
Q
a protein in the immune system that is responsible for binding to an epitope and initiating the destruction of the associated organism
A
antibody
11
Q
collected coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system to protect against infectious disease
A
immune responses
12
Q
non-specifc immune response that we are born with.
A
innate response
13
Q
immune response: rapid and early. always the same
A
innate response
14
Q
immune response: primarily reacting to microbes. includes inflammation, fever, etc.
A
innate response
15
Q
immune response: relies on phagocytes and antimicrobials
A
innate response
16
Q
immune response: includes external physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes
A
innate response
17
Q
immune response: microbes adapt to it easily, stimulates adaptive responses
A
innate response
18
Q
the first line of defense in the immune system
A
skin and mucous membranes
19
Q
substance on the skin that forms a protective film that inhibits the growth of certain microbes
A
sebum
20
Q
substance that can trap microbes which can then be expectorated or sneezed out of the body
A
mucous
21
Q
structures in the nose and respiratory tract that trap and sweep microbes away
A
hair
22
Q
fluids that contains lysozyme
A
tears and saliva
23
Q
an enzyme that breaks down the cell wall of some bacteria
A
lysozyme
24
Q
immune defense that consists of antimicrobial sumstances, natural killer cells, and phagocytes
A
second line/internal defences
25
interferons, iron binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins are examples of what?
antimicrobial sumstances
26
immune response. develops with exposure to various organisms and substances
adaptive response
27
immune response: slower to kick in and develops in response to specific attributes of an invader
adaptive response
28
immune response: works with the innate response system to enhance reactivity
adaptive response
29
immune response: attacks microbes and antigens
adaptive response
30
generates immunologic memory
adaptive response
31
immune system process meaning that subsequent exposures lead to a more rapid response
immunologic memory
32
primary cells of adaptive immunity
B-cells and T-cells (b and t lymphocytes)
33
immune cells that act as regulator cells, which assist in controlling and orchestrating of the immune response
lymphocytes
34
immune cells that act as effector cells, by killing and eliminating the microbe or antigen
lymphocytes
35
immune cells that kill or break apart an invader
accessory cells/phagocytes
36
immune cells that present antigens and epitopes to killers
dendritic cells
37
what are three phagocytes used in immune response?
marcophages, neutrophils, eosinophils
38
the high number of immune cells and other immune materials circulating in blood and lymph is referred to as what?
humoral immunity
39
what types of cells are located in the following tissues and organs: lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, tonsils, spleen, skin, mucosa, vital organs
immune cells
40
what happens to immune cells when they are signalled by the presense of microbes or antigens, or by other immune cells?
rapid reproduction to create populations of targeted cell types
41
immune cells that are a key player in humoral immunity
B cells
42
immune cell: very good at recognizing microbes and antigens, also produce antibodies
B cells
43
when a B cell binds to its associated antigen it activates, leading to what?
selects to clone either plasma cells or memory cells
44
immune cell: after maturing, produces and secretes antibodies designed for a specific antigen
plasma cells
45
what binds to epitopes and either kil or neutralize the invader, or present them to T-cells or macrophages
antibodies
46
immune cell: do not participate in the initial immune response
memory cells
47
immune cell: stay in the body to respond quickly if a secondary exposure to the same antigen occurs
memory cells
48
antibody type: 75% of antibodies
IgG
49
antibody type: the only Ig to cross the placenta
IgG
50
antibody type: diffuses readily out of the vascular zone into the tissues
IgG
51
antibody type: antiviral, antitoxin, and antibacterial actions
IgG
52
antibody type: activates killer cells
IgG
53
antibody type: activates the complement system
IgG and IgM
54
antibody type: predominant in saliva, tears, nasal, GI, and respiratory secretions
IgA
55
antibody type: found in breast milk
IgA
56
antibody type: blocks entry of organisms to the eyes, gut, respiratory, and urinary tracts
IgA
57
antibody type: protects mucosa
IgA
58
antibody type: doesn't leave blood or lymph
IgM
59
antibody type: early responder
IgM
60
antibody type: first Ig formed after immunization or initial exposure to a pathogen
IgM
61
antibody type: forms natural ABO antibodies
IgM
62
antibody type: present in small amounts in serum
IgD
63
antibody type: needed for B-cell maturation
IgD
64
antibody type: found in tiny amounts in plasma
IgE
65
antibody type: binds to mast cells and liberates histamine and other inflammatory substances
IgE
66
antibody type: attracts eosinophils
IgE
67
antibody type: responds to parasites
IgE
68
antibody type: overreaction= allergic/hypersensitivity reactions, asthma, etc
IgE
69
antibody type: there can be a genetic predisposition to overproducing this type
IgE
70
immune cell type: bind to and/or break down antigens.
antigen presenting cells
71
immune cell type: present epitopes on their surfaces, or alter the antigen to make it more recognizable
antigen presenting cells
72
immune cell type: B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells act as this type
antigen presenting cells
73
antigen presenting cells present antigens to which 2 types of cells?
T-cells and phagocytosing cells
74
immune cell type: responsible for cell-mediated/cellular immunity
T-cells
75
immune cell type: work vial cell-to-cell contact or by secreting messenger compounds that communicate with immune system cells
T-cells
76
immune cell type: attracts cells and prevents them from leaving the area
T-cells
77
immune cell type: amplify the effectiveness of cells
T-cells
78
immune cell type: increase or decrease cell reactions
T-cells
79
immune cell type: activates and regulates B-cells
T-cells
80
immune cell type: signals natural killer cells
T-cells
81
increases local blood flow to facilitate immune cell movement
T-cells
82
immune cell type: determines if humoral or cellular immunity is needed
T-cells
83
immune cell type: activates most cells and IgE in allergen responses
T-cells
84
immune cell type: involved in rejection of foreign tissue grafts
T-cells
85
immune cell type: control intracellular (viral) infections
T-cells
86
immune cell type: kills tumour cells
T-cells
87
immune cell type: involved in differentiating between self vs. non-self recognition and reaction
T-cells
88
T-cell type: involved in up-regulation
T-helper cells
89
T-cell type: the key regulatory cells of the immune system
T-helper cells
90
T-cell type: release various T-messenger compounds that activate and regulate the activities of other cell types
T-helper cells
91
T-cell type: activates B and T cells correctly depending on the type of immune challenge
T-helper cells
92
T-cell type: involved in down-regulation
regulatory T-cells
93
T-cell type: suppress/modify immune responses
regulatory T-cells
94
T-cell type: decrease immune cell production
regulatory T-cells
95
T-cell type: control the mechanism to help ensure the response matches the situation, and that healthy self-cells are not killed
regulatory T-cells
96
T-cell type: destroy identified/presented antigens
T-cytotoxic cells
97
T-cell type: kills virus-infected cells by various means
T-cytotoxic cells
98
T-cell type: involved in attacking cellular problems that antibodies cannot influence
T-cytotoxic cells
99
a group of genes on chromosome 6 that determine tissue and blood compatibility
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
100
in humans, MHC is often referred to as what?
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
101
class of HLA that are on all cell surfaces
class I
102
class of HLA that are only on immune system cells
class II
103
key factors in determining self from non-self, can also identify self-targets
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
104
generally determined self-markers, these lead to T-cells attacking or ignoring an antigen
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
105
immunity type: develops through direct exposure to an antigen and in the response, the immune system develops antibodies
active natural immunity
106
immunity type: develops when the body is purposefully introduced to an antigen ans subsequently reacts by developing antibodies
active artificial immunity
107
immunity type: passed from a mother to fetus, to protect the infant during the first few months of life as they develop their own immune system
passive immunity
108
immunity type: when antibodies are injected from one system to another, used to help fight a current infection if the individual has not been immunized against the specific organism
passive artificial immunity
109
the ability to distinguish between self and non-self antigens
immunologic self-tolerance
110
what arises when the mechanisms that eliminate T or B-cells that fail to differentiate between self and non-self antigens cease to function properly
autoimmune disorders
111
the mounting of an immune response against the body's own tissues
auto-immunity
112
auto-immunity tends to involve the production of what?
auto-antibodies
113
auto antibodies bind with self molecules to create what
immune complexes
114
excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune system to exogenous and endogenous antigens that produce inflammation and cause tissue damage
hypersensitivity disorders
115
type of hypersensitivity response: mediated by IgE which leads to the release of inflammatory mediators from sensitized mast cells
type I
116
type of hypersensitivity response: reaction takes place with the second and subsequent exposures to the antigen, not the initial exposure
type I
117
type of hypersensitivity response: begins rapidly, often within minutes of an antigen challenge
type I
118
type of hypersensitivity response: often referred to as Allergic Reactions, the antigen in this case would be called an allergen
type I
119
type I hypersensitivity response: local reactions
atopic reaction
120
type I hypersensitivity response: systemic reactions
anaphylaxis
121
systemic life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction.
anaphylaxis
122
an acute generalized reaction characterized by itching, generalized flushing, headache, difficulty breathing, and a drop in blood pressure. can lead to shock and loss of consciousness
anaphylaxis
123
type of hypersensitivity response: medaited by IgM or IgG, directed against target antigens on cell surfaces or in extracellular tissue.
type II
124
type of hypersensitivity response: aka antibody mediated hypersensitivity or cytotoxic hypersensitivity
type II
125
type of hypersensitivity response: commonly involve the formation of antibodies directed against blood cells and their destruction
type II
126
type of hypersensitivity response: aka immediate hypersensitivity
type I
127
type of hypersensitivity response: mediated by formation of antigen-immunoglobulin complexes, complement fixation, and localized inflammation
type III
128
type of hypersensitivity response: aka immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
type III
129
type of hypersensitivity response: involves IgM and IgG antibodies. immune complexes formed int he body's circulatory system are deposited in different areas of the body
type III
130
type of hypersensitivity response: mediated by specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes.
type iv
131
type of hypersensitivity response: manifests as sub-acute or chronic inflammation with infiltration of tissue by the lymphocytes and macrophages, leading to varying degrees of necrosis
type iv
132
type of hypersensitivity response: aka delayed or cell-mediated hypersensitivity
type iv
133
which types of hypersensitivity response are immediate and antibody mediated?
types i,ii,iii
134
which types of hypersensitivity response are delayed and cell mediated?
type iv
