Immune System

Question 1

Immunity

Answer 1

Resistance to infectious disease

Question 2

What is innate immunity

Answer 2

Resistance that exists prior to exposure to the microbe

Question 3

How is innate immunity different to acquired immunity

Answer 3

It does not improve after exposure to organism

Question 4

Give the 1st line of defense for innate immunity

Answer 4

Skin
Mucous membranes and secretions
Normal flora

Question 5

Give the 2nd line of defense of innate immunity

Answer 5

Innate immune cells
Inflammation
Complement
Antimicrobial substances

Question 6

What cells is skin made up of

Answer 6

Keratinized cells

Question 7

How can pathogens lenertrate skin

Answer 7

If there is a broken area of the skin

Question 8

What does the epithelium of the mucus membrane do

Answer 8

It secretes mucus which trap many microbes and foreign substances

Question 9

What is gastric juice

Answer 9

It’s a mixture of HCL ,enzymes and mucus and it destroys bacteria

Question 10

How do eyes protect themselves from bacteria

Answer 10

Lacrimal apparatus produces and drains away tears which contain lysosome ,an enzyme which can break down the cell walls of certain bacteria

Question 11

Where can we find lysosome

Answer 11

Saliva ,perspiration,nasal secretions and tissue fluids

Question 12

Interferons

Answer 12

Defense against viral infections by preventing their replication

Question 13

Complement system

Answer 13

Enhances immune reactions by causing bursting of microbes ,promoting phagocytosis and contributing to inflammation

Question 14

Iron building proteins

Answer 14

Inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron

Question 15

Antimicrobial proteins

Answer 15

Kill a wide range of microbes and attract dendritic cells and mast cells which participate in immune responses

Question 16

How do natural killer cells attack foreign substances

Answer 16

They bind to a target cell and release granules contains toxic substances from NK cells

Question 17

Phagocytes

Answer 17

Specialized cells ,They perform phagocytosis

Question 18

What are the two major types of phagocytes

Answer 18

Neutrophils and macrophages

Question 19

What are the two types of macrophages

Answer 19

Fixed -constantly stand guard in specific tissues

Wandering -develop during periods of infections from circulating monocytes and become phagocytic

Question 20

Histiocytes

Answer 20

Macrophages in connective tissue

Question 21

Kupffer cells

Answer 21

In the liver

Question 22

What are the steps of phagocytosis

Answer 22

1. chemotaxis
2. adherence
3. ingestion
4. digestion
5. killing

Question 23

What are the sigh and symptoms of inflammation

Answer 23

Redness
Pain
Heat
Swelling

Question 24

What are the 3 stages of inflammation

Answer 24

1. vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
2. emigration of phagocytes from the blood into interstitial
3. Tissue repair

Question 25

Why does a fever occur

Answer 25

The hypothalamic thermostat is reset

Question 26

What are the benefits of inflammation

Answer 26

Intensifies effects of interferons ,inhibits bacterial growth ,speeds up tissue repair

Question 27

What is adaptive immunity

Answer 27

The ability to defend itself against specific invading agents such as bacteria ,toxins ,viruses ,and foreign tissues Involves B and T lymphocytes

Question 28

What are the two properties of immunity

Answer 28

Specificity for particular antigens | Memory

Question 29

What are the two types of adaptive immunity

Answer 29

Cell mediated immunity | Antibody mediated immunity

Question 30

What is cell mediated immunity

Answer 30

``` Cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigen . Effective against 1.intracellular pathogens 2.cancer cells 3. Foreign tissue transplants ```

Question 31

What is antibody mediated immunity

Answer 31

B cells transform into plasma cells which synthesize and secrete proteins called antibodies to inactivate antigens Effective against : Extracellular pathogens Bacteria Or fungi that are in body fluids outside cells

Question 32

What do B cells do in adaptive immunity

Answer 32

In adaptive immunity what do B cells do they respond to antigens by becoming plasma. Elks The plasma cells make antibodies Some B cells become memory B cells

Question 33

Where do the B lymphocytes develop

Answer 33

They develop in the B cells

Question 34

Where do T cells mature

Answer 34

T cells migrate to thymus where they mature

Question 35

Cytotoxic cells (CD8 )

Answer 35

They protect the body against viruses and cancer cells

Question 36

Helper T cells (CD4 )

Answer 36

Increase antibody formation,memory cell formation ,B cell formation and phagocytosis

Question 37

Self recognition

Answer 37

The ability to recognize your own proteins

Question 38

Self tolerance

Answer 38

The lack of reactivity to peptide fragments from your own proteins

Question 39

AIDS

Answer 39

A condition in which a person experiences an assortment of infections due to the progressive destruction of immune system cells by HIV

Question 40

Autoimmune disease

Answer 40

The immune system fails to display self tolerance and attacks the persons own tissues

Question 41

Examples of autoimmune diseases

Answer 41

Graves’ disease,myasthenia graves ,type 1 diabetes ,RA ,systemic lupus erythmatosus