Immunity Disorders

Question 1

hypersensitivity falls under which hypersensitivity

Answer 1

primary immunodeficiency

Question 2

how many hypersensitivity types

Answer 2

4

Question 3

what are the general descriptions of the hypersensitivity types

Answer 3

Type 1- immediate
Type 2- antibdy mediated
type 3- immune complex mediated
type 4- T Cell mediated

Question 4

What are the severity levels of immediate hypersensitivity

Answer 4

Atopy

Anaphylaxis

Question 5

what are causes of type 1 atopy

Answer 5

Genetic favoring of IgE
Increased reactivity of mast cells
increased susceptibility of target tissue to allergic mediators

Question 6

what are the 2 types of anaphylaxis

Answer 6

cutaneous

systematic

Question 7

how does anaphylaxis and atopy compare

Answer 7

anaphylaxis response is stronger and chemical concentration is higher

Question 8

Immediate hypersensitivity mechanisms

Answer 8

sensitization and provocation

Question 9

what cells does Type I use to sensitize and provoke

Answer 9

mast cells

basophils

Question 10

how does mast cells and basophils provoke and sensitize the immune system

Answer 10

the cells bind to IgE and degranulate and triggers the release of inflammatory cytokines from cytoplasmic granules

Question 11

What are the chemical mediators produced by basophils and mast cells

Answer 11

histamines
serotonin
Leukotrienes
prostaglandins
bradykinins
platelet- activating factor

Question 12

effects of histamines

Answer 12

constricts smooth bronchi and smooth intestinal muscles

relaxes smooth vascular muscles and Dilates arterioles and venules

stimulates eosinophils

Question 13

What does Histamines constrict

Answer 13

smooth bronchi muscles and smooth intestinal muscles

Question 14

the effect of histamines on smooth bronchi muscles results in what body reaction

Answer 14

laboured breath

Question 15

the effect of histamines on smooth intestinal muscles results in what body reaction

Answer 15

increased intestinal motility

Question 16

What does Histamines relax?

Answer 16

Vascular smooth muscles

Dilates arterioles and venules

Question 17

the effect of histamines on arterioles and venules results in what body reaction

Answer 17

wheal and flare reactions

Question 18

What does Histamines stimulate?

Answer 18

Eosinophils

Question 19

the effect of histamines on eosionphils results in what body reaction

Answer 19

release of inflammatory cytokines

Question 20

what does the affect of inflammatory cytokines on the body

Answer 20

it escalates symptoms

Question 21

Effects of Bradykinins

Answer 21

prolonged smooth muscle contraction
Dilation of peripherals
increased capillary permeability
increased mucous secretion

Question 22

effects of prostaglandins

Answer 22

vasodilation
increased vascular permeability
increased pain sensitivity
bronchoconstriction

Question 23

Effects of Leukotrienes on asthmatic patients

Answer 23

mucous secretions
prolonged bronchospasms
Vascular permeability

Question 24

Effect of Leukotriene on the body

Answer 24

gradual contraction of the smooth muscle

Question 25

chemical mediator that is the most profuse and fastest acting allergic mediator

Answer 25

Histamines

Question 26

slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis

Answer 26

Leukotrienes

Question 27

Complements histamines and bradykinins

Answer 27

Serotonin

Question 28

powerful inflammatory agents

Answer 28

prostaglandins

Question 29

Hypersensitivity Type II is

Answer 29

antibody mediated

Question 30

Describe Antibody mediated hypersensitivity

Answer 30

a complex group of syndromes that involve complement assisted destruction of foreign cells by antibodies

Question 31

Types of antibody mediated hypersensitivity events/causatives

Answer 31

transfusions | types of autoimmunity

Question 32

what does the Rh factor mean for blood types

Answer 32

It determines if the blood is positive or negative

Question 33

Rh factor antibody development is the result of

Answer 33

placental sensitization

Question 34

what causes placental sensitization?

Answer 34

Rh incompatibility between the mother and the fetus

Question 35

what can Rh incompatibility cause in fetuses

Answer 35

hemolytic disease in fetuses

Question 36

Is the first fetus usually in danger of acquiring Hemolytic disease?

Answer 36

No, the first fetus is the sensitizing dose

Question 37

What is the process with which fetus acquire hemolytic disease

Answer 37

Rh- mothers that have had Rh+ pregnancies develop antibodies against the fetal blood type bc they are incompatible. When the Rh- mother becomes pregnant with another Rh+ fetus the anitbodies cross the placenta and attack the fetus' blood causeing it to be hemolytic

Question 38

how does the anitbodies cause hemolysis

Answer 38

they trigger complement mediated lysis

Question 39

what medication is taken by mothers to prevent fetal hemolytic disease

Answer 39

RhoGAM

Question 40

How does RhoGAM work

Answer 40

it binds, inactivates, and removes Rh+ antibodies

Question 41

What is Hypersensitivity Type 3 called

Answer 41

Immune Complex-mediated

Question 42

Immune Complex-mediated

Answer 42

antigens that interacted with antibodies and produced free-floating complexes that can distribute to other tissues and cause disease, or immune complex reactions

Question 43

Type 3 process

Answer 43

Sensitizing dose secondary exposure Antigens reacts with antibodies Complexes result in inflammatory response

Question 44

Types of Immune Complex-mediated

Answer 44

Anaphylaxis Arthus Reaction Serum Sickness

Question 45

Description and effects of Arthus Reaction

Answer 45

Localized reaction, due to destruction of tissue in and arounf blood vessels and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils

Question 46

Process and effects of Arthus Reaction

Answer 46

Systematic reaction immune complexes enter circulation and are carried and then deposited into the blood vessels

Question 47

T/F - type 3 involves antbodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces

Answer 47

False that is type 2 Type three ivolves soluble antigens or free- floating antigens

Question 48

How does complexes result in complement

Answer 48

antibodies bind to small antigens (less immunogenic) which are less attractive to macrophages so they exist in the blood long enough to enter the basement membrane layer of blood vessels where they trigger complement

Question 49

Does Anaphylaxis and Arthus Reaction and Serum use the same Ig markers

Answer 49

no

Question 50

What markers does Anaphylaxis uses

Answer 50

IgE

Question 51

What markers does Arthus reaction and Serum Sickness use

Answer 51

IgG, IgM, and IgA

Question 52

Which type of Type 3 requires a large sensitizing dose size and has a delayed onset of symptoms

Answer 52

Arthus Reaction and Serum Sickness

Question 53

Describe Anaphylaxis sensitizing dose and symptom onset

Answer 53

Small sensitizing dose | Immediate symptoms onset

Question 54

What is Type 4 hypersensitivity called

Answer 54

T- Cell mediated

Question 55

How does Type 4 differ from the others

Answer 55

Uses T Cells instead of B Cells and antibodies

Question 56

what does type 4 do

Answer 56

respond to antigens on self and transplant foreign cells

Question 57

what are the types of transplant rejection

Answer 57

Host V Graft | Graft V Host

Question 58

What is the process of Host V Graft rejection

Answer 58

Cytotoxic T Cells dont recognize MHC I markers on graft C T Cells release interleukin 2 Antigen Specific helpers bind to graft and secrete lymphokines rejection process begins

Question 59

What are the results of Host V Graft

Answer 59

destruction of vascular supply | Death of the graft

Question 60

In Graft V Host Disease which type of tissue is most likely to reject the host

Answer 60

Bone Marrow

Question 61

Why is graft v Host so dangerous

Answer 61

It can attack any cells bearing foreign markers meaning that all of self could be attacked

Question 62

What type of hypersensitivity are allergies

Answer 62

Type I

Question 63

What causes allergies

Answer 63

mast cell derived allergic mediators on target tissues

Question 64

Secondary Immunodeficiency disease triggers

Answer 64

Infection Chemotherapy radiation Organic disease