Immunodefense Against Blood-Borne and Respiratory Pathogens

Question 1

How do pathogens often enter the blood stream?

Answer 1

Teeth brushing
Local infections
Wounds
Medical procedures

Question 2

What are the two functions of the spleen?

Answer 2

1. ) Secondary lymph organ (white pulp)

2. ) Filter for the blood (red pulp)

Question 3

What needs to be done to some microbes in order for them to be phagocytized?

Answer 3

They must be opsonized by antibodies (encapsulated bacteria)

Question 4

What are patients with a splenectomy or asplenia susceptible to?

Answer 4

Encapsulated bacteria

Question 5

What must patients with splenectomies do before dental work or surgeries?

Answer 5

Take prophylactic antibiotics

Question 6

What is a splenectomy considered an example of?

Answer 6

Acquired (secondary) immunodeficiency

Question 7

What antibody is found in the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 7

Secretory IgA (transcytosed across epithelial cells)

Question 8

Three general defense in upper airway:

Answer 8

Lumenal
Epithelial
Blood-derived cells of mucosa

Question 9

What is the most abundant antibody in the alveoli?

Answer 9

IgG1-3

Question 10

Which IgG antibodies opsonize?

Answer 10

IgG1

IgG3

Question 11

What complement opsonizes?

Answer 11

C3b

Question 12

What protein in lower respiratory tract also opsonizes?

Answer 12

C-reactive protein

Question 13

What is the first line of defense in lower airways?

Answer 13

Alveolar macrophages

Question 14

What is the major defender against bacterial pathogens in lower respiratory tract?

Answer 14

Neutrophils

Question 15

Border between upper and lower respiratory tract:

Answer 15

Upper: nose-larynx (glottis vocal cords)
Lower: larynx-alveoli

Question 16

What are two options for alveolar macrophages once they come in contact with pathogens?

Answer 16

Neutralize and kill

Regulate lung inflammation

Question 17

What cytokines do alveolar macrophages release to mediate inflammation?

Answer 17

IL-1alpha
IL-1beta
TNF-alpha

Question 18

What does release of alveolar macrophage cytokines initiate?

Answer 18

Inflammation and neutrophils to come to the side

Question 19

What do neutrophils generate?

Answer 19

Neutrophil net to made of chromatin with anti-microbial proteins

Question 20

What do CD4+ T cells do?

Answer 20

Helper T cells to activate B cells

Question 21

What do CD8+ cells do?

Answer 21

Kill infected cells and activate macrophages

Question 22

How do CD4+ cells activate macrophages?

Answer 22

Binding CD40 ligand with cytokine coreceptor

Question 23

What does BALT stand for?

Answer 23

Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Question 24

What is BALT?

Answer 24

Specialized epithelial cells that microbes and antigens can pass through (endocytosis or phagocytosis)

Question 25

Where is BALT found?

Answer 25

Bifurcation of the bronchus; more prevalent after infections