What are the general obstructive pulmonary disorders?
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Asthma
What are the general restrictive pulmonary disorders?
Fibrosis Chest wall defects Neuromuscular defects (diaphragm)
What are the conducting zones?
Where air passes through but does not interact with gas exchange (0-16 zones)
What are respiratory zones?
Where gas exchange takes place (17-23 zones)
Which zones do restrictive processes affect?
Respiratory zones
Which zones do obstructive processes affect?
Both Respiratory (emphysema) and Conducting (Asthma, chronic bronchitis)
Which disease is barrel-chested (increased AP diameter) associated with?
Emphysema
What is cor pulmonary?
Heart failure due to the lungs ex. right-sided failure/RV hypertrophy due to increased pulmonic resistance
What do interstitial disease processes affect?
Collagen, elastic fibers, mesenchymal cells, inflammatory cells
What is centriacinar?
Distal alveoli are sparred the damaged is done more central
What is panacinar?
Entire alveoli are damaged
Normal FEV1/FCV?
.80
What is the cause of chronic bronchitis?
Smoking, air pollutants
What is the cause of emphysema?
Smoking
What are the signs/symptoms of chronic bronchitis?
Cough, sputum production
Pink puffer
What are the signs/symptoms of emphysema?
Dyspnea (labored breathing)
Blue bloater
What is distal acinar?
Occurs near the ends of the alveoli; causes blebs that can burst and give pneumothorax
What type of disease does smoking typically lead to?
Centriacinar because the pollutants can not make it far enough down to be panacinar
What typically causes panacinar disorders?
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
What typically causes centriacinar disorders?
Heavy smoking
How does alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency come about?
Smoking causes inflammation bringing more neutrophils to the area and release proteases and elastases
Earliest feature of chronic bronchitis?
Mucus hypersecretion
Definition of chronic bronchitis?
Persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years, in the absence of any other identifiable cause
What are interstitial lung disease?
Diseases in the interstitial lung space
What is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?
Progressive interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and respiratory failure
What are the signs/symptoms of IPF?
Dry cough
Hypoxemia
Cyanosis
Digital clubbing
What are the morphologic features of IPF?
Honeycombing
What occurs during prolonged exercise?
Shift from carbohydrates to fat metabolism
What occurs during an increase in intensity of exercise?
There is a shift more towards carbs and away from fats
