Immunology Flashcards
(135 cards)
2
Q
The immune system must be absolutely _____ to not attack normal cells
A
specific
3
Q
The immune system must be ____ to fight off evolving pathogens
A
adaptive
4
Q
Two general types of defense
A
Non-specific, and specific
5
Q
Describe non-specific
A
innate, inherited mechanisms that protect the body from many pathogens
6
Q
Describe specific defenses
A
adaptive mechs that protect against specific targets
7
Q
______ tissues are essential parts of the defense system
A
Lymphoid tissues
8
Q
Blood is in a _____ circulatory system
A
Close circulatory system (CCS)
9
Q
What three components are suspended in blood?
A
Red, white blood cells and platelets
10
Q
What blood cells are in the closed circulatory system?
A
Red, white, platelets
11
Q
What blood cells are found in the lymphatic system
A
White blood cells and platelets
12
Q
What is lymph?
A
fluids that accumulate outside the CCS in the lymphatic system
13
Q
The lymphatic system is a _____ system of _____ connecting ______
A
branching, tiny capillaries, larger vessels
14
Q
Small capillary lymph ducts eventually lead to larger ducts that connects to
A
a major vein near the heart
15
Q
Lymph nodes and what they contain
A
small round lymph vessels, contain white blood cells
16
Q
The lymphatic system can be related to a drainage system
A
True
17
Q
White blood cells are also called ___ and are important in ____
A
leukocytes defense
18
Q
All blood cells originate from
A
stem cells
19
Q
Stem cells are located in the
A
bone marrow
20
Q
What doe white blood cells look like?
A
Clear, and have a nucleus and organelles
21
Q
Which are bigger white or red blood cells?
A
White
22
Q
Red blood cells lose their ____ before becoming functional
A
nuclei
23
Q
Why do red blood cells lose their nuclei before functioning?
A
nuclei = dead weight, room to carry oxygen
24
Q
Which blood cells can leave the CCS?
A
white blood cells
25
Q
In response to invading pathogens, white blood cells can ______ to increase the attack with numbers
A
poliferate
26
Two groups of white blood cells
phagocytes and lymphocytes
27
Phagocytes do what to pathogens?
engulf and digest them
28
Lymphocytes are involved in _____ immunity
Specific
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Two types of lymphocyte cells
B and T cells
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B-cells do what?
circulate and collect in lymph nodes, make antibodies
31
T-cells do what?
migrate to the thymus, destroy infected cells
32
Non-specific system works against what type of pathogens
ALL
33
The innate immune system is the _____ protection mechanism to stop pathogens
general/basic
34
List innate defenses
skin, bacteria/fungi on the surface of skin (aka normal flora), fluids with lysozyme, mucus/cilia, hydrochloric acid/proteases in the stomach, bile salts
35
Types of phagocytes
neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic
36
Phagocytes engulf pathogens, that is called
phagocytosis
37
Describe neutrophils
most abundant type of white blood cells, attack pathogens and react fast
38
Describe monocytes
phagocytes that mature into macrophages. Live longer and consume more pathogens. Can be mobile in lymphatic system
39
Describe dendritic cells
highly folded plasma membranes to capture pathogens
40
Neutrophils can only execute a phagocytic event ____ times(s).
ONCE
41
When a neutrophil attacks a pathogen it goes all out in one vigorous \_\_\_\_\_
respiratory burst (aka oxidative burst)
42
In a respiratory burst, _____ is activated and produces 3 products that kills pathogens
NADPH oxidasesuperoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid (chlorine bleach)
43
What is used to deal with infection of tissue damage?
Inflammation response
44
What happens in an inflammation response?
Mast cells and basophils (white blood cells) release histamine, which triggers inflammation
45
What does histamine do?
It triggers inflammation, makes capillaries leaky so plasma and phagocytes can come out
46
What in the wound attracts phagocytes
complement proteins and other chemical signals
47
Which phagocytes arrive at the tissue damage first?
Neutrophils then monocytes
48
Macrophages are responsible for what in tissue damage
cleaning and healing
49
Macrophages produce what to call immune cells and signal fevers
cytokines
50
What is pus?
dead cells and leaked fluid
51
What alters the immune system of invasion?
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
52
TLRs recognize pathogens by their what?
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
53
Interferons are
a warning signal glycoprotein secretion by infected cells
54
Interfereons increase ______ of neighboring cells to infections by increasing the express of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
resistance; protein kinase R (PKR)
55
PKR is activated by
viral RNA
56
PKR activation leads to ihibition of all \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
protein synthesis
57
Four characteristics of the adaptive immune system
specificity, diversity, distinguish, memory
58
Peptides/molecules recognized by T-cell receptors and antibodies
antigens
59
Antigenic determinants/epitopes are
sites on antigens that the immune system recognizes
60
The host creats _____ that are specific to the antigenic determinants
T cells/antibodies
61
Describe diversity
the immune system can distinguish and respond to a crap load of antigenic determinants
62
Describe distinguishment
the ability to tell normal cells from pathogens
63
Describe immunological memory
The immune system remembers the pathogen it was once exposed to to respond more rapidly
64
2 responses of the adaptive immune system
humoral and cellualr
65
the humoral and cellular responses have what in common?
They share mechanisms
66
Humoral immune response is based on
B-cells
67
B-cells produce specific ____ that recognize antigenic determinants by \_\_\_\_
antibodies; 3D conformation
68
Antibodies recognize pathogens in
extracellular spaces (fluids-"humor")
69
Cellular response detects antigens where?
Inside body cells
70
Cellular response destroys what cells
virus-infected/mutated cells
71
Cellular response is mainly made of
T-cells
72
T-cells have _____ receptors that recognize and bind specific antigenic determinants
T-cell receptors
73
Clonal selection
How the body chooses whether to use B or T cells
74
An activated lymphocyte (B/T cell) produces what 2 type of daughter cells?
Effector and memory cells
75
Effector B cells are also called ___ and produce \_\_\_\_
plasma cells, produce anitbodies
76
Effector of T cells release \_\_\_\_
cytokines
77
Describe memory cells
live longer and retain the ability to divide quickly to produce more effector and more memory cells
78
When the body encounters an antigen for the first time it tirggers
A primary immune response
79
When the body runs into an antigen again
a secondary immune response occurs
80
Which is faster, primary or secondary immune response?
Secondary
81
Vaccination and immunization shots do what?
create artificial immunity - injects the pathogen or just antigenic protein to tigger primary response without making the person sick
82
3 ways to vaccinate without actually making us sick
Attenuation, biotechnology, DNA vaccines
83
Ateentuation
reducing the toxicity of antigenic molecule
84
Biotechnology
makes recombinant antigenic fragments
85
DNA Vaccines
Introduce a gene encoding an antigen into the body
86
Poliomyelitis
spreads via fecal-oral route, primarily affects children, infections are asymptomatic
87
Salk vaccine
the first polio vaccine, injected in the skin
88
Oral Poli vaccine (OPV)
a live-attenuated vaccine, longer immunity, and singles out a mutation of virus' ribosome
89
Failure for the body to tolerate it's own molecules leads to
autoimmune disease
90
Self-tolerance of the body is based on
clonal deletion
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If clonal deletion fails ______ B and T cells that attack the body's own cells are made
bad B T cells
92
examples of autoimmune disease
Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, MS
93
Deletion of B cells happen in the
bone marrow
94
Deletion of T cells happen in the
Thymus
95
Elimination of B and T cells is by means of \_\_\_
apoptosis
96
\_\_\_\_ cells are the basic component of the humoral immune system
B cells
97
For a B cell to differentiate into a plasma cell it must bind an \_\_\_\_\_
antigenic determinant
98
Cellular division and differentiation of the B cell is stimulated by a signal from a \_\_\_\_\_
helper T cell (Th Cell)
99
Activated B cells become
plasma cells and memory cells
100
Antibody molecules are proteins call
immunoglobulins
101
2 identical ____ chains and two _____ chains make up the tetrameric units
light- heavy chains
102
\_\_\_\_\_ hold the chains together
disulfide bonds
103
Both light and heavy chains have ______ and ____ regions
variable and constant
104
Constant regions are similar among the ____ and determine the \_\_\_
immunoglobulins and determine the class of the anibody
105
Variable regions differ in _____ sequences and are responsible for the ____ of antibody specificity
amino acid; diversity
106
light/heavy chains in variable regions align to form the
binding sites
107
Each tetramer has ___ identical antigen-binding sites making the antibody \_\_\_\_
2 ; bivalent
108
Antibody classes
IgG MonomerIgM PentamerIgD MonomerIgA DimerIgE MonomerIg - GAMED
109
Genes that code for T-cell receptors are similar to those for \_\_\_
immunoglobulins
110
T-cell receptors also have both ____ and ___ regions
constant and variable regions
111
The major difference between antibodies and T cell receptors
T-cell receptors bind ONLY to an antigenic determinant that is displayed on the surface
112
Activated T cells create what 2 types of effector cells?
Cytotoxic cells and Helper T cells
113
Cytotoxic cells kill virus cells by
causing them to lyse
114
Helper T cells do what?
assis in both cellular and humoral immune systems
115
Activated helper T cells do what for B cells and cytotoxic cells?
Proliferate and stimulate them to divide
116
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is what?
A gene that makes plasma membrane glycoprotiens
117
MHC proteins display what?
Antigens
118
3 classes of MHC proteins but we only talk about which two?
MHC I and II
119
MHC I proteins are present where?
on the surface of every nucleated cell
120
When cellular proteins are degraded in the _____ , what does the MHC I do?
proteasome; MHC I brings it out to the plasma membrane to dispose of it
121
How do Cytotoxic T cells and MHC I work together?
Degraded protein fragments from the proteosome are brought out to the plasma membrane surface by MHC I where T(c) cells check them, If the T(c) cell binds to the MHC I, it is activated to remove the fragment
122
If its in the EFFECTOR phase, the T(c) cell secretes molecules that \_\_\_
kill the cell
123
Fas
When T(c) cells bind to a specific target cell receptor
124
The binding of Fas inititates
apoptosis
125
The T(c) cells help rid the body of _____ and \_\_\_\_
virus infected cells and tumors
126
Describe MHC II proteins
found mostly on surface of B cells, macrophages and other "pro" antigen-presenting cells
127
MHC II fishes out bad fragments when the aintgen is _____ by B cells
Phagocytosed
128
Antibody production (humoral response) needs what components
T(H) cells B cell
129
What goes first activation phase of effector phase?
Activaton
130
T(h) cell with a specific ____ receptor can bind to an antigen from an antigen presenting \_\_\_
T-cell; macrophage
131
T-helper cells activate when it binds to and ____ from a macrophage and then produce a _____ population of identical T-helper cells
Antigen, clonal
132
In the effector stage, an antigen of the same sort must also be recognized by a specific ____ receptor on the surface of a ____ cell
IgM ; B cell
133
B cell ingests and degrades the antigen and passes it to a _____ protein on its cell surface
MHC II
134
In the effector stage one of the ___ cells created int he activation stage recognizes the antigen on the surface of the B cell
T-helper
135
The t-helper cell then release _____ which activate B cell replication and differentiation into plasma cells and memory cells
Cytokines
136
What secretes antibodies?
Plasma Cells
