Immunology Chapter 1

Question 1

What is the liquid portion of blood

Answer 1

plasma

Question 2

Rbc and wbc are suspended in the

Answer 2

plasma

Question 3

Plasma contains proteins like

Answer 3

antibodies and fibrinogen (protein)

Question 4

What is serum

Answer 4

plasma containing no clotting proteins but have antibodies

Question 5

In the first few minutes of infection, what is the type of innate immune response

Answer 5

innate

Question 6

Explain the innate immune response

Answer 6

quick and non specific
no memory
95% resolve infection

Question 7

If the innate response gets overwhelmed what response occurs

Answer 7

adaptive

Question 8

Explain adaptive immune response

Answer 8

specific
slow to respond (7-10days)
Activated 24 hrs after infection
Memory
Good for vaccines

Question 9

What are the 3 major groups of cells in the blood

Answer 9

platelets, leukocytes, erythrocytes

Question 10

What are the 3 groups of cells in leukocytes

Answer 10

myeloid cells
lymphocytes
dendritic cells

Question 11

what are the 3 groups of myeloid cells

Answer 11

granulocytes
monocytes
mast cells

Question 12

What are the 3 types of granulocytes

Answer 12

neutrophil
basophil
eosinophil

Question 13

what are the 2 cells that monocytes differentiate into

Answer 13

dendritic cells and macrophages

Question 14

Monocytes are located in

Answer 14

The blood

Question 15

Function of neutrophil

Answer 15

phagocytose and kill bacteria
( live for 4 days)

Question 16

function of macrophages

Answer 16

patrol and alert, clean up debris, phagocytose and kill bacteria, tissue repair

Question 17

Function of dendritic cell

Answer 17

phagocytose and kill bacteria or virus
migrate to lymphnode
activate adaptive immune response

Question 18

Dendritic cells bridge…

Answer 18

innate and adaptive immune responses together

Question 19

What out of the 3 is the most abundant in the blood, neutrophil, monocytes or dendritic cells

Answer 19

neutrophils (65%)

Question 20

How long can monocytes live

Answer 20

for months

Question 21

What are the 3 cells of lymphocytes

Answer 21

T cell
B cell
NK

Question 22

What are the 3 types of T cells

Answer 22

Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
T regulatory cells

Question 23

What is the role of B cells

Answer 23

secrete antibodies

Question 24

What do antibodies do

Answer 24

neutralize pathogens
opsonize pathogens
kill bacteria

Question 25

What do CTLs do

Answer 25

kill viral infected cells to prevent the spread of infection

Question 26

What do T helper cells do

Answer 26

provide cytokines and other signals to B cells, CTLs and macrophages

Question 27

Eosinophils are important for fighting...

Answer 27

parasitic infection, allergy, asthma allery

Question 28

Basophils are important in inflammation because it contains...

Answer 28

heparin and histamine

Question 29

All cells of the immune system are derived from a common...

Answer 29

hemapoetic stem cell (HSC)

Question 30

these HSCs become a.....which can differentiate into...&....which respectively differentiate into.....&....

Answer 30

bipotential gland common lymphoid progenitor cells (CLP) & common myeloid progenitor cells (CMP) lymphoid cell types & myeloid cell types

Question 31

Are HSCs self renewal

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

Where are HSCs found in a healthy adult

Answer 32

blood and bone marrow

Question 33

How does HSC and progenitor cells know what type of cell to differentiate into

Answer 33

there are chemicals signals and receptor/ligand binding interactions

Question 34

Where do I find HSC

Answer 34

blood, bone marrow, umbilical cord

Question 35

How common are HSCs

Answer 35

less than 1% of bone marrow population

Question 36

Are the HSC the type of stem cells the ones that have the controversy associated with it

Answer 36

no its embryonic stem cells

Question 37

How does radiation damage HSC, CMPs, CLPs

Answer 37

they're really sensitive to radiation, so when they divide frequently, the radiation damages the DNA so the cells die

Question 38

How can a mouse be rescued after lethal radiation exposure

Answer 38

by infusion bone marrow cells

Question 39

What's inside infused bone marrow cells

Answer 39

HSCs and maturing lymphocytes and neutrophils

Question 40

What happens if a mouse's bone or spleen is shielded from the radiation

Answer 40

the mouse doesn't develop radiation syndromes

Question 41

What did shielding experiment reveal about HSCs

Answer 41

HSCs are located in the bone marrow cavity HSCs circulate in the blood and re-enter the bone marrow

Question 42

For leukimias, existing HSCs need to be removed, why

Answer 42

to make space for new HSCs

Question 43

How were HSCs initially harvested

Answer 43

through bone marrow aspiration (but its invasive for the donor)

Question 44

How are HSCs now harvested

Answer 44

from cytokine mobilized peripheral blood (less invasive for the donor)

Question 45

Lymphatic circulatory system enables lymphocytes and proteins to...

Answer 45

move around the body

Question 46

Lymph fluid is similar to blood but it doesn't have

Answer 46

rbc or platelets

Question 47

why is the lymphatic circulatory system connected to blood circulatory system

Answer 47

because fluids in tissue drain into lymph capillaries --> lymph nodes lymphatic fluid returns to blood via thoracic duct

Question 48

The body has 3 levels of defense, what are they

Answer 48

anatomical and physiological barriers innate immunity adaptive immunity

Question 49

Examples of anatomical and physiological barriers

Answer 49

skin mucosal surfaces fluids secreted from non immune cells (stomach acid)

Question 50

What immune system activates complement proteins

Answer 50

innate

Question 51

What immune system involves antibody mediated responses and cell mediated responses

Answer 51

adaptive immunity

Question 52

Leukocytes are also known as

Answer 52

WBC

Question 53

Dendritic cells can be derived from both

Answer 53

myeloid and lymphoid cells

Question 54

Cells of the immune system are found in

Answer 54

blood circulatory system lymph circulatory system lymphoid organs

Question 55

Primary lymphoid organs

Answer 55

bone marrow and thymus

Question 56

T and B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow, but T cells get kicked out and fully mature in the

Answer 56

thymus

Question 57

Secondary lymphoid organs are places where

Answer 57

mature lymphocytes meet pathogens Example Spleen and lymphnode GALT, BALT Tonsils, adenoids, appendix and Peyers Patch

Question 58

The spleen and lymphnodes act as filters, why

Answer 58

so they trap pathogens to develop the immune system