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Immunology & Serology > IMMUNOSERO // STEVENS CHAP 1: INTRO TO IMMUNITY AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

IMMUNOSERO // STEVENS CHAP 1: INTRO TO IMMUNITY AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body

A

Immunology

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2
Q

Roots in the study of immunity

A

Immunology

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3
Q

the condition of being resistant to infection

A

Immunity

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4
Q

Foreign substances that induce a host response

A

Antigens

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5
Q

All around in nature from pollen to serious bacterial pathogens

A

Antigens

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6
Q

serum proteins produced by certain lymphocytes when exposed to Ag and react specifically

A

Antibodies

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7
Q

The individual’s ability to resist infection by means of normally present body functions.

A

Innate Immunity/Natural Immunity

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8
Q

Considered nonadaptive or nonspecific; the same for all pathogens or substances to which one is exposed

A

Innate Immunity/Natural Immunity

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9
Q

NO prior exposure is required

A

Innate Immunity/Natural Immunity

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10
Q

Lacks memory and specificity

A

Innate Immunity/Natural Immunity

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11
Q

Characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen and the ability to remember a prior exposure

A

Adaptive Immunity

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12
Q

result in an increased response to that pathogen upon repeated exposure

A

Memory and specificity

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13
Q

play a key role in both innate and adaptive immunity

A

LEUKOCYTES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD

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14
Q

All blood cells: arise from a type of cell called a

A

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

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15
Q

To form WBCs: the HSC gives rise to 2 distinct types of precursor cells:

A

common myeloid precursors
common lymphoid precursors

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16
Q

WBCs that participate in phagocytosis (myeloid line)

A

common myeloid precursors

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17
Q

lymphocytes; form the basis of the adaptive immune response

A

common lymphoid precursors

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18
Q

has 2 to 5 lobes

A

NEUTROPHILS

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19
Q

Contain a large number of when stained with Wright stain

A

NEUTROPHILS

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20
Q

Main function of neutrophils

A

phagocytosis

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21
Q

Contain antimicrobial products such as: myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, elastase, proteinase-3, cathepsin G,
and defensins, which are small proteins that have antibacterial activity

A

Azurophilic/Primary Granules

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22
Q

Contain lysozyme, lactoferrin, collagenase, gelatinase, and respiratory burst components

A

Specific/Secondary Granules

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23
Q

Half of total NEUT pop. in peripheral blood: found in a ________ adhering to blood vessel walls

A

marginating pool

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24
Q

Occurs to allow neutrophils to move from the circulating blood toàtissues through a process known as diapedesis, or movement through blood vessel walls; Attracted to a specific area by chemotactic factors

A

Margination

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25
Chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction
Chemotaxins
26
Approx. 1% to 3% of circulating WBCs in a nonallergic person; 12 to 15 um
EOSINOPHILS
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Nucleus: usually bilobed/ellipsoidal and is often eccentrically located
EOSINOPHILS
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Increases in: allergic reaction or in response to certain parasitic infections
Eosinophils
29
Take up the acid eosin dye and the cytoplasm is filled with large orange to reddish-orange granules
Eosinophils
30
Able to neutralize basophil and mast cell products
Eosinophil
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Most important role: regulation of the immune response, including regulation of mast cell function
Eosinophil
32
damage cell membranes and kill larger parasites that cannot be phagocytized
Cationic proteins
33
The least numerous of WBCs; less than 1%; Smallest of the granulocytes; slightly larger than RBCs
BASOPHILS
34
Contain coarse, densely staining deep-bluish-purple granules that often obscure the nucleus
BASOPHILS
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Regulate some T helper cell responses
BASOPHILS
36
Stimulate B cells to produce the antibody IgE
BASOPHILS
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Life span: short life span of in the bloodstream; they are then pulled out and destroyed by macrophages in the spleen.
BASOPHILS
38
Contains histamine, cytokines, growth factors, and a small amount of heparin
Granules in Baso
39
All of which have an important function in inducing and maintaining allergic reactions
Basophil
40
contracts smooth muscle
Histamine
41
Largest cells in p. blood; 12 to 22 um (ave of 18um)
MONOCYTES
42
Distinguishing feature: irregularly folded or horseshoe-shaped nucleus that occupies almost one half of cell
MONOCYTES
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Abundant cytoplasm stains dull grayish blue and has ground-glass appearance bc of fine dustlike granules
MONOCYTES
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Make up 4% to 10% of total circulating WBCs.
MONOCYTES
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They do not remain in the circulation for long. They stay in peripheral blood for up to 30hrs; they then migrate to the tissues and become known as macrophages.
MONOCYTES
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Macrophages in the lungs
Alveolar macrophages
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Macrophages in the liver
Kupffer cells
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Macrophages in the brain
Microglial cells
49
Macrophages in the bone
Osteoclasts
50
Macrophages in connective tissue
Histiocytes
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Important role: in initiating and regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses
Macrophages
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Presenting antigens to T and B cells
Macrophages
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The (antigen-presenting cell) in the body & the cell
DENDRITIC CELLS
54
Dendritic cells are discovered by
Steinman and Cohn in 1973
55
After capturing an antigen in the tissue by phagocytosis or endocytosis, _______ present the antigen to T lymphocytes to initiate the adaptive immune response in a similar way as macrophages
dendritic cells
56
The key cell involved in adaptive immune response; 20% to 40% of circulating WBCs
Lymphocyte
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proteins/antigens on cell surfaces used to identify each lymphocyte subpopulation in the lab
Clusters of Differentiation (CD)
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Found on all T cells; associated with t-cell antigen receptor
CD3
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Identifies t helper cells; also found on most T regulatory cells
CD4
60
Identifies cytotoxic T cells
CD8
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Low affinity fc receptor for antibody; mediates phagocytosis
CD16
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Part of b-cell coreceptor; regulates b-cell development and activation
CD19
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Receptor for complement component C3d; part of b-cell coreceptor with CD19
CD21
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Derived from a lymphoid precursor that differentiates to become either a T cell, B cell, or NK cell depending on exposure to different cytokines
B CELLS
65
Can be recognized by the presence of membrane-bound antibodies of two types: IgM and IgD
B CELLS
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Other surface proteins of B cells include:
CD 19, CD21, and class II MHC molecules
67
Lymphocyte precursors called _______ enter the thymus from the bone marrow thru the bloodstream
thymocytes
68
Produce cytokines that contribute to immunity by stimulating B cells to produce antibodies
T CELLS
69
3 main subtypes of T cells
Helper (CD4) Cytolytic (CD8+) Regulatory (CD4)
70
Ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells
2:1 in peripheral blood
71
A small percentage of lymphocytes do not express the markers of either T cells or B cells
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
72
So named bc have ability to kill target cells w/o prior exposure to them
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
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DO NOT require the thymus for development but appear to mature in bone marrow itself
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
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generally larger than T cells and B cells at approx. 15um in diameter and contain kidney-shaped nuclei with condensed chromatin and prominent nucleoli; make up 10% to 15%
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
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Nk cells are found mainly in the
liver, spleen, and peripheral blood
76
specific combination of Ag that can be used for identification
CD16 & CD 56
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a receptor for nonspecific end of antibodies; bc of its presence, NK cells are able to make contact with and then lyse any cell coated with antibodies
CD 16
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are also capable of recognizing any foreign cell and represent the 1st line of defense against virally infected cells and tumor cells
NK cells
79
Half-like of NK cells
7 to 10 days
80
Also have the capability to develop memory to specific antigens in a similar manner to T cells.
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
81
Important role as a transitional cell bridging the innate and adaptive immune response against pathogens
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
82
largest lymphatic vessel in the body; collects most of the body’s lymph fluid and empties it into the left subclavian vein.
Thoracic duct
83
majority of circulating lymphocytes; effector cells that serve a regulatory role
T cells
84
gives rise to long-lived memory cells and shorter-lived effector cells that are responsible for the generation of the immune response
Antigen activation
85
Where lymphocytes and any foreign antigens present enter the nodes
Afferent lymphatic vessels
86
Where lymphocytes and any foreign antigens present exit the nodes
Efferent lymphatic vessels
87
Accumulation of lymphocytes and other cells that causes the lymph nodes to become enlarged
Lymphadenopathy
88
Differentiate into memory cells & plasma cells; Responsible for humoral immunity or antibody formation
B cells
89
Responsible for cell-mediated immunity; Produce sensitized lymphocytes that secrete cytokines
T cells

Immunology & Serology (13 decks)

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