IMMUNOSERO // STEVENS CHAP 3: INNATE IMMUNITY

Question 1

Consists of the defenses against infection that are ready for immediate action when a host is attacked

Answer 1

Innate immunity

Question 2

10% to 15% of total cell pop. in tissues; most important cells in pathogen recog.

Answer 2

Macrophages & Dendritic

Question 3

are able to distinguish pathogens from normally present molecules in the body

Answer 3

Macrophages & Dendritic

Question 4

discovery of the first receptor in humans, the Toll-like receptor (TLR); major impact on the understanding of innate immunity.

Answer 4

Charles Janeway

Question 5

Protein originally discovered in fruit fly Drosophila;plays important role in antifungal immunity in adult fly.

Answer 5

Toll

Question 6

Highest conc. of these TLRs: on

Answer 6

monocytes, macrophages, & neutrophils

Question 7

Membrane-spanning glycoproteins; share a common structural element called

Answer 7

leucine-rich repeats (LRRs)

Question 8

Once TLRs bind to their particular substances, host immune responses are rapidly activated by production of

Answer 8

Cytokines and chemokines

Question 9

Plasma membrane receptors found on mono, macrophages, dendritic cells, neuts, B cells & T-cell subsets.

Answer 9

C-type lectin receptor (CLR)

Question 10

C-type lectin receptor (CLR) bind to_______ found in fungal cell walls.

Answer 10

mannan and β-glucans

Question 11

Recognizes RNA from RNA virus in the cytoplasm of infected cells

Answer 11

Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs)

Question 12

Induces inflammatory cytokine and type I interferons.

Answer 12

Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs)

Question 13

inhibit viral replication and induce apoptosis (cell death) in infected cells.

Answer 13

Type I interferons

Question 14

Bind peptidoglycans found in bacterial cell walls; also protect against intracellular protozoan parasites

Answer 14

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors (NOD)

Question 15

Mutations in NOD receptors; a painful inflammatory disease of the bowel.

Answer 15

Crohn’s disease

Question 16

Normal serum constituents that increase rapidly because of infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues.

Answer 16

ACUTE-PHASE REACTANTS

Question 17

Many act by: binding to microorganisms and promoting adherence, the first step in phagocytosis.

Answer 17

ACUTE-PHASE REACTANTS

Question 18

help to limit destruction caused by the release of proteolytic enzymes from WBCs as the process of phagocytosis takes place.

Answer 18

ACUTE-PHASE REACTANTS

Question 19

particular cytokines involved
All of which are produced by monocytes and macrophages at the sites of inflammation.

Answer 19

Interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)

Question 20

A trace constituent of serum originally thought to be an antibody to the C-polysaccharide of pneumococci.

Answer 20

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP)

Question 21

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) was discovered by

Answer 21

Tillet and Francis in 1930

Question 22

acts somewhat like an antibody because it is capable of opsonization (the coating of foreign particles), agglutination, precipitation, and activation of complement by the classical pathway.

Answer 22

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP)

Question 23

Promotes phagocytosis by binding to specific receptors found on monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.

Answer 23

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP)

Question 24

can be thought of as a primitive, nonspecific form of an antibody molecule that is able to act as a defense against microorganisms or foreign cells until specific antibodies can be produced

Answer 24

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP)

Question 25

the most widely used indicator of acute inflammation.

Answer 25

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP)

Question 26

CRP concentration of Normal levels in adults

Answer 26

0.47 to 1.34 mg/L

Question 27

It is an apolipoprotein that is synthesized in the liver and has a molecular weight of 11,685 daltons.

Answer 27

SERUM AMYLOID A (SAA)

Question 28

Normal circulating levels of SAA

Answer 28

5 to 8 ug/mL

Question 29

Act as a chemical messenger, similar to a cytokine

Answer 29

SERUM AMYLOID A (SAA)

Question 30

Activates monocytes and macrophages to then produce products that increase inflammation

Answer 30

SERUM AMYLOID A (SAA)

Question 31

Refers to a series of serum proteins that are normally present

Answer 31

Complement

Question 32

Overall function: mediation of inflammation

Answer 32

COMPLEMENT

Question 33

Major functions of complement:

Answer 33

(1) Opsonization, (2) Chemotaxis/Inflammation and (3) Lysis of cells.

Question 34

A 52-kD protein that is primarily synthesized in the liver.

Answer 34

ALPHA1-ANTITRYPSIN (AAT)

Question 35

The major component of the alpha band when serum is electrophoresed.

Answer 35

ALPHA1-ANTITRYPSIN (AAT)

Question 36

it’s a general plasma inhibitor of proteases released from WBCs

Answer 36

ALPHA1-ANTITRYPSIN (AAT)

Question 37

Enzyme secreted by neutrophils during inflammation that can degrade elastin & collagen

Answer 37

Elastase

Question 38

Acts to “mop up” or counteract the effects of neutrophil counteract the effects of neutrophil

Answer 38

AAT

Question 39

It also regulates expression of proinflammatory cytokines limiting harmful side effects of inflammation

Answer 39

AAT

Question 40

can also react with any serine protease

Answer 40

AAT

Question 41

Generated by the triggering of the complement cascade or fibrinolysis

Answer 41

Serine proteases

Question 42

An alpha2-globulin with a molecular weight of 100,000 daltons.

Answer 42

HAPTOGLOBIN

Question 43

It binds irreversibly to free hemoglobin released by intravascular hemolysis.

Answer 43

HAPTOGLOBIN

Question 44

Acts as an antioxidant to provide protection against oxidative damage mediated by free hemoglobin.

Answer 44

HAPTOGLOBIN

Question 45

Normal plasma concentrations range of haptoglobin

Answer 45

40 to 290 mg/dL.

Question 46

An acute-phase protein involved in the coagulation pathway

Answer 46

FIBRINOGEN

Question 47

A small portion is cleaved by thrombin to form fibrils that make up a fibrin clot.

Answer 47

FIBRINOGEN

Question 48

makes blood more viscous and serves to promote aggregation of RBCs and platelets.

Answer 48

Fibrinogen

Question 49

It is the principal copper-transporting protein in human plasma, binding more than 70% of the copper found in plasma by attaching 6 cupric ions per molecule.

Answer 49

CERULOPLASMIN

Question 50

Also acts as an enzyme, converting the toxic ferrous ion (Fe2+) to the non-toxic ferric form (Fe3+)

Answer 50

Ceruloplasmin

Question 51

A depletion of ceruloplasmin

Answer 51

Wilson's disease

Question 52

Autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a massive increase of copper in the tissues.

Answer 52

Wilson's disease

Question 53

Serum proteins that attach to a foreign cell or pathogen and help prepare it for phagocytosis.

Answer 53

Opsonins

Question 54

May act by neutralizing surface charge on foreign particle, making it easier for cells to approach one another

Answer 54

Opsonins

Question 55

a powerful oxidizing agent and is highly toxic for microorganisms. It is the main component of household bleach used to disinfect surfaces

Answer 55

Hypochlorite

Question 56

Kill wide spectrum of organisms, including both gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria, many fungi, and some viruses.

Answer 56

Defensins

Question 57

When released from lysosomal granules, able to cleave segments of bacterial cell walls w/o benefit of O2

Answer 57

Defensins

Question 58

Another example of a protein that is able to damage bacterial cell membranes.

Answer 58

Cathepsin G

Question 59

release various colony stimulating factors that act on developing granulocytes and macrophages. Actions of these, therefore, have a major influence on both innate and adaptive immunity.

Answer 59

NK cells

Question 60

2 main classes of binding receptors on NK cells: Which deliver inhibitory signals

Answer 60

Inhibitory receptors

Question 61

main classes of binding receptors on NK cells: Which deliver signals to activate the cytotoxic mechanisms

Answer 61

Activating receptors

Question 62

Examples of activating receptors that bind stress proteins are

Answer 62

a. CD16 b. NKG2D

Question 63

If an inhibitory signal is not received when binding to activating receptors occurs, then NK cells release substances called

Answer 63

perforins and granzymes

Question 64

Proteins that form channels (pores) in the target cell membrane.

Answer 64

Perforins

Question 65

Packets of enzymes that may enter through the channels and mediate cell lysis.

Answer 65

Granzymes