IMMUNOSERO //STEVENS CHAP 2: NATURE OF ANTIGENS AND THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

Question 1

responds to certain patterns

Answer 1

Innate immune system

Question 2

characterized by recognition of individual pathogens

Answer 2

Adaptive immune system

Question 3

key cells responsible for the specificity, diversity and memory in adaptive immunity

Answer 3

Lymphocytes

Question 4

The immune response of lymphocytes is triggered by materials called

Answer 4

immunogens

Question 5

Macromolecules capable of triggering an adaptive immune response by inducing formation of antibodies
or sensitized T cells in an immunocompetent host.

Answer 5

Immunogens

Question 6

can then specifically react with such antibodies or sensitized T cells.

Answer 6

Immunogens

Question 7

Refers to a substance that reacts with an antibody or sensitized T cells BUT MAY NOT be able to evoke an
immune response in the first place.

Answer 7

Antigen

Question 8

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

Answer 8

age, overall health, dose, route of inoculation, and genetic capacity

Question 9

a system of genes that code for cell-surface molecules that play an important role in Ag recognition.

Answer 9

MHC

Question 10

The ability of an immunogen to stimulate a host response

Answer 10

Immunogenicity

Question 11

Characteristics of immunogenicity

Answer 11

Macromolecular size
Foreignness
Chemical composition and molecular complexity
Ability to be processed and presented with MHC molecules

Question 12

the most effective immunogens bc made up of amino acids

Answer 12

Proteins & polysaccharides

Question 13

Less immunogenic that protein bc smaller & have limited no. of sugars available to create structure

Answer 13

Carbohydrates

Question 14

Examples of glycolipids

Answer 14

A, B, and H blood group antigens

Question 15

Examples of glycoproteins

Answer 15

Rh and Lewis antigens

Question 16

Key portion of the immunogen; the determinant site

Answer 16

Epitope

Question 17

Molecular shapes of configurations that are recognized by B or T cells.

Answer 17

Epitope

Question 18

sequential; aa following one another on a single chain

Answer 18

Linear epitopes

Question 19

results from the folding of one chain or multiple chains

Answer 19

Conformational epitope

Question 20

Anything that is capable of cross-linking surface Ig molecules: is able to

Answer 20

trigger B-cell activation

Question 21

Nonimmunogenic materials that, when combined with a carrier, create new antigenic determinants.

Answer 21

Haptens

Question 22

capable of reaction with antibody even when the hapten is not complexed to a carrier molecule

Answer 22

Haptens

Question 23

Contains catechols which are haptens; once in contact with skin, these can couple with tissue proteins to
form the immunogens that give rise to contact dermatitis.

Answer 23

Poison ivy (Rhus radicans)

Question 24

Best known for his discovery of the ABO blood groups; conducted most famous study of haptens

Answer 24

Karl Landsteiner

Question 25

A substance mixed with an immunogen that increases the immune response in order to provide immunity to a particular disease.

Answer 25

ADJUVANTS

Question 26

Work by: keeping the antigen in the area and by increasing the no. of cells involved in immune response

Answer 26

ADJUVANTS

Question 27

Used to accelerate the immune response & increased the duration of protection, reduced need for booster

Answer 27

ADJUVANTS

Question 28

actually work by targeting APCs , which are key to the adaptive immune response

Answer 28

Adjuvants

Question 29

Antigens that belong to the host; do NOT evoke an immune response under normal circumstances

Answer 29

Autoantigens

Question 30

Antigens from other members of the host’s species; Capable of eliciting an immune response

Answer 30

Alloantigens

Question 31

Important to consider in tissue transplantation and in blood transfuions

Answer 31

Alloantigens

Question 32

Antigens from other species, such as other animals, plants or microorganism.

Answer 32

Heteroantigens

Question 33

that exist in unrelated plants or animals but are either identical or closely related in structure so that antibody to one will cross-react with antigen of the other

Answer 33

Heterophile antigens

Question 34

Evidence now indicates that the genetic capability to mount an immune response is linked to a group of molecules originally referred to as

Answer 34

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

Question 35

gave name HLA bc 1st identified by discovering an antibody response to WBCs

Answer 35

Dausset

Question 36

they determine whether transplanted tissue is histocompatible and thus accepted or rejected

Answer 36

MHC molecules

Question 37

Encodes class l and II molecules which play a major role in antigen presentation to T cells

Answer 37

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

Question 38

Actually found ON ALL nucleated cells in the body

Answer 38

MHC molecules

Question 39

Play a vital role in the development of both humoral and cellular immunity

Answer 39

MHC molecules

Question 40

Can function as antigens when transplanted from one individual to another

Answer 40

MHC molecules

Question 41

Main function: To bring antigen in the body to the surface of cells for recognition by T cells

Answer 41

MHC molecules

Question 42

Only occur when antigen is combined with MHC molecules on the surface of other cells

Answer 42

T-cell activation

Question 43

The most polymorphic system found in humans; so many different alleles

Answer 43

MHC system

Question 44

Genes coding for the MHC molecules in humans are found on the

Answer 44

short arm of chromosome 6

Question 45

Found at 3 different locations or loci termed A, B, and C

Answer 45

Class I genes

Question 46

there is only one gene coding for each particular molecule

Answer 46

class 1 molecules

Question 47

Involved in antigen recognition ; they influence the repertoire of antigens to which T cells can respond

Answer 47

Class I and II genes

Question 48

Can be seen in most nucleated cells

Answer 48

Class I genes

Question 49

Can be seen in most antigen-presenting cells

Answer 49

Class II genes

Question 50

situated in the D region and there are several diff. loci known as DR, DQ and DP

Answer 50

Class II genes

Question 51

Have one gene that codes for the alpha chain and one or more genes that code for the beta chain

Answer 51

Class II genes

Question 52

Code for the C4A, C4B, C2 and B complement proteins, & cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Answer 52

Class III genes

Question 53

these are secreted proteins that have an immune function, but they are NOT expressed on cell surfaces

Answer 53

Class III genes

Question 54

Also have a completely different structure compared with the other two classes

Answer 54

Class III genes

Question 55

Expressed on all nucleated cells

Answer 55

Class I MHC (HLA) molecules

Question 56

Found primarily on APCs

Answer 56

Class II MHC (HLA) molecules

Question 57

CLASS I MHC MOLECULES are Highest on

Answer 57

Lymphocyytes and Myeloid cells

Question 58

CLASS I MHC MOLECULES are Low/Undetected on

Answer 58

Hepatocytes, neural, muscle cells & sperm

Question 59

expressed at a much lower level than HLA-A

Answer 59

HLA-C antigens

Question 60

the most important to match for transplantation

Answer 60

HLA-A and HLA-B antigens

Question 61

Nonclassical Class I antigens

Answer 61

G,E, F

Question 62

on fetal trophoblast cells; bind to NK inhibitory receptors and turn off the NK cytotoxic response (protect fetus)

Answer 62

G antigens

Question 63

Class II MHC molecules: found on the APCs that include:

Answer 63

B lymphocytes Monocytes Thymic epithelium Macrophages Dendritic cell’s

Question 64

highest levels of class II molecules on their surfac

Answer 64

Dendritic cells

Question 65

The major class II molecules: DR, DP, DQ; consist of two noncovalently bound polypeptide chains that are encoded by separate genes in the MHC complex; called _______

Answer 65

heterodimers

Question 66

expressed at the highest level bc it accounts for about one-half of all the class II molecules

Answer 66

DR

Question 67

found in the shortest supply

Answer 67

DP

Question 68

Nonclassical Class II antigens

Answer 68

DM, DN, DO

Question 69

helps to load peptides onto class II molecules

Answer 69

DM

Question 70

Nonclassical Class II antigen that modulates antigen binding

Answer 70

DO

Question 71

process by which degraded peptides w/in cells are transported to plasma membrane where T cells can then recognize them.

Answer 71

Antigen Presentation

Question 72

Watchdogs of viral, tumor, and certain parasitic antigens that are synthesized within the cell

Answer 72

Class I molecules

Question 73

Help to mount an immune response to bacterial infections or other pathogens found outside cells

Answer 73

Class II molecules

Question 74

Known as the ENDOgenous pathway of antigen presentation bc antigens that bind to class I proteins are actually synthesized in the same cell as the class I molecules

Answer 74

CLASS I MHC – PEPTIDE INTERACTION

Question 75

Participate in EXOgenous pathway of antigen presentation. This means that antigen is taken into the cell from the outside by means of either phagocytosis or endocytosis

Answer 75

CLASS II MHC – PEPTIDE INTERACTION

Question 76

8 to 16 amino acids

Answer 76

CLASS I MHC

Question 77

Class II molecules are synthesized in the ER and associate with a protein called

Answer 77

invariant chain (Ii)