Phagocytosis

Question 1

Russian scientist, observed that foreign objects introduced into transparent starfish larvae became surrounded by motile cells that attempted to destroy these invaders, a process called phagocytosis.

Answer 1

Elie Metchnikof

Question 2

initiated as a result of tissue damage, either trauma or as a result of microorganism
multiplication

Answer 2

Phagocytosis

Question 3

has increase surface receptors that allow for adherence

Answer 3

Activated phagocyte

Question 4

Process by which cells tend to move in a certain direction under the stimulation of a chemical substances such as opsonin (Examples are Antibodies, CRP, and complement components)

Answer 4

Chemotaxis

Question 5

whereby cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical substances(chemotaxins) such as soluble bacterial factors or acute-phase reactants including complement components and CRP

Answer 5

Chemotaxis

Question 6

Without the influence of these chemotactic substances, cell motion is random

Answer 6

Chemotaxis

Question 7

Diseases associated with abnormal chemotactic activity

Answer 7

Job syndrome / Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E

Question 8

Disease associated with abnormal random and chemotactic activity

Answer 8

Lazy Leukocyte syndrome

Question 9

Migration is toward to the site of stimulation

Answer 9

Positive chemotaxis

Question 10

Migration away from the site stimulation

Answer 10

Negative chemotaxis

Question 11

physical contact between the phagocytic cell and the microorganism occurs, aided by opsonins.

Answer 11

Adherence

Question 12

microorganism is completely surrounded by a part of the cell membrane

Answer 12

Formation of phagosome

Question 13

cytoplasmic granules fuse with membrane of phagosome, emptying contents into this membrane-bound space.

Answer 13

Formation of the phagolysosome

Question 14

Digestion of the microorganism by

Answer 14

hydrolytic enzymes

Question 15

Excretion of contents of phagolysosome to the outside by

Answer 15

exocytosis

Question 16

via Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRP) that recognize lipid and carbohydrates sequences on microorganisms

Answer 16

Direct phagocytosis

Question 17

via Opsonin receptors that recognize opsonins such as IgG, C3b bound to microorganism

Answer 17

Indirect phagocytosis

Question 18

The Reduction of Oxygen that Leads to the formation of superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite ions

Answer 18

Oxygen dependent/Respiratory Burst

Question 19

Oxygen dependent/Respiratory Burst reduce oxygen by the help of enzymes

Answer 19

NADPH oxidase, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Myeloperoxidase

Question 20

Production of nitric oxide from oxidation of L-arginine by NO synthase

Answer 20

Oxygen Independent

Question 21

Oxygen Independent is the Production of nitric oxide from oxidation of L-arginine by NO synthase which is produced by

Answer 21

Interferon Gamma activated cells.

Question 22

Oxygen independent produces

Answer 22

Lysozyme, lactoferrin, Major basic proteins, lipase & defensins

Question 23

Phagocytosis can be divided into six stage

Answer 23

Chemotaxis -> adherence -> engulfment ->phagosome formation -> fusion -> digestion and destruction

Question 24

Fusion of the phagosome with lysosomal granules creates a

Answer 24

phagolysosome

Question 25

Phagocytic cells

Answer 25

Dendritic cells (most potent), Monocytes/Macrophages, Neutrophil, Basophil, and Eosinophil

Question 26

The most potent/lethal bactericidal product formed in the respiratory burst

Answer 26

Hydrogen peroxide

Question 27

Known to be central to the killing of microbes, because its dysfunction causes chronic granulomatous disease.

Answer 27

NADPH oxidase

Question 28

Patients with this disease suffer from recurring, severe bacterial infections

Answer 28

NADPH oxidase

Question 29

A lytic enzyme from the lysosomal granules that are able to cleave segments of bacterial cell walls without the benefit of oxygen.

Answer 29

Defensins

Question 30

They are chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction

Answer 30

Chemotaxins

Question 31

Produced by neutrophils, certain macrophage populations, and Paneth cells of the small intestine. This class of defensins is believed to disrupt the microbial membrane.

Answer 31

Alpha defensins

Question 32

Produced by neutrophils as well as epithelial cells lining the various organs, including the bronchial tree and genitourinary system. They are believed to increase resistance of epithelial cells to colonization

Answer 32

Beta defensins

Question 33

Surface receptors that promote cell to cell interaction. It is an adhesion molecule together with selectins

Answer 33

Integrins

Question 34

Bactericidal and viricidal protein in the presence of C3 component and magnesium

Answer 34

properdin

Question 35

Heat stable cationic substance released by platelet during coagulation

Answer 35

Beta-Lysin

Question 36

Iron binding protein that is found in secretory fluid such as milk, saliva, tear, and nasal secretion. It is also released as a secondary granules of PMNs.

Answer 36

Lactoferrin

Question 37

It protect against bacterial infection, possibly by preventing the growth of bacteria by depriving them of essential nutrients (iron) or by killing bacteria by destroying their cell walls

Answer 37

Lactoferrin

Question 38

Three groups of PRRs exist

Answer 38

Secreted PRRs Phagocytosis receptors Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Question 39

are molecules that circulate in blood and lymph; circulating proteins bind to PAMPs on the surface of many pathogens. This interaction triggers the complement cascade, leading to the opsonization of the pathogen and its speedy phagocytosis

Answer 39

Secreted PRRs

Question 40

are cell surface receptors that bind the pathogen, initiating a signal leading to the release of effector molecules (e.g., cytokines)

Answer 40

Phagocytosis receptors

Question 41

_____ have cell surface receptors that recognize PAMPs containing mannose.

Answer 41

Macrophages

Question 42

are a set of transmembrane receptors that recognize different types of PAMPs they are a set of transmembrane receptors that recognize different types of PAMPs

Answer 42

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Question 43

recognizes teichoic acid and peptidoglycan found in gram-positive bacteria

Answer 43

TLR2

Question 44

recognizes lipopolysaccharide found in gram-negative bacteria

Answer 44

TLR4

Question 45

recognizes lipoprotein found in mycobacteria

Answer 45

TLR1

Question 46

recognizes bacterial flagellin

Answer 46

TLR5

Question 47

Refers The overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent

Answer 47

INFLAMMATION

Question 48

The cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 48

a. Rubor - redness(erythema) *first sign b. Dolor- pain c. Calor – Heat d. Tumor – Swelling (edema) e. Function laessa – loss or diminished function

Question 49

acts to combat the early stages of infection and also begins a process that repairs tissue Damage.

Answer 49

acute inflammatory response

Question 50

The predominant WBC found is

Answer 50

neutrophil

Question 51

The Predominant Cells found in chronic inflammation are

Answer 51

monocytes/macrophages.