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Immunotherapy Flashcards

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1
Q

What do corticorsteroids inhibit. What are they chemically similar to

A

Inflammation; cortisol

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2
Q

Cytotoxic drugs like azathriporine, cyclophosamidine and mycophenolate, interfere with the synthesis of what?

A

DNA synthesis

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3
Q

Cyclosporin A suppresses what?

A

IL2 (proliferation factor) and T cell proliferation by inhibiting NFAT

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4
Q

What pathway does Rapmycin inhibit, what does this lead to

A

Rapmycin inhibits mTOR pathway (similar to PI3K) and so cell proliferation, translocation and autophagy

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5
Q

What are the three types of immunotherapy

A

Soluble mediators
Antibody therapy
Cell based

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6
Q

GM-CSF treats what? In what type of patients

A

Neutropenia (involved in maturation); cancer and bone marrow (proliferation of neutrophils for donation)

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7
Q

PEGylated IFN treats what type of viral infection

A

HepB/C virus

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8
Q

IFN-gamma is used to treat what type of disease

A

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

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9
Q

List three recombinant cytokines (soluble mediators)

A

G/M-CSF
PEGylated IFN-gamma
IFN-gamma

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10
Q

List three cytokine antagonists

A

Anakinra
Rilonacept
Etanercept

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11
Q

Anakinra, what is it and what does it treat

A

soluble IL-1 receptor antagonist- targets autoinflammatory diseases :-RA, Muckle Wells Syndrome

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12
Q

Rilonacept, what is it and what does it do

A
  • Rilonacept, IL-1R1-Fc fusion protein (IL-1 mediated pathologies)  soluble receptors, mop up IL-1
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13
Q

What is etanercept and what is its function

A
  • Etanercept a recombinant TNFα receptor-fusion protein, mop up TNF
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14
Q

Are adjuvants soluble mediators?

A

Yes

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15
Q

CpG function

A

Adjuvant, synthetic DNA molecules

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16
Q

Imiquimod activates what TLR

A

7

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17
Q

Imiquimod is used to treat what

A

Actinic Keratosis: Sun-damaged skin that can lead to skin cancer.

Superficial Basal Cell Carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that is small and in the top layer of the skin.

Genital Warts: Warts on the skin of the genital and anal areas.

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18
Q

CTLA4 Immunoglobulin inhibits what, and so where is it used

A

CTLA4 Ig inhibits T cell costimulation –> transplants/RA

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19
Q

Infliximab is anti-____

A

TNF alpha

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20
Q

Efalizumab is anti_____

A

CD11a

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21
Q

Infliximab and efalizumab is used to treat what two autoimmune diseases

A

RA, Crohn’s

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22
Q

Rituximan is anti____

A

anti-CD20

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23
Q

Rituximab is used to treat what cancer

A

B-cell leukaemia

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24
Q

Herceptin/Trastuzumab is anti___

A

HER2/neu receptor

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25
Herceptin/trastuzumab is used to treat what cancer?
Breast
26
Does blocking HER2 receptors, stop angiogenesis?
YES
27
What can be produced what repeated doses of monoclonal antibodies are given? (its a problem)
anti-antibody antibodies
28
What two antibody types solve the issue of anti-antibody antibodies
Humanised and chimeric antibodies
29
Chimaeric antibodies differ from rat anibodies how?
Chimeric antibodies are hybrid antibodies created by combining the variable regions (Fab) of a non-human antibody, typically from a mouse, with the constant regions (Fc) of a human antibody
30
Humanised antibodies differ from mouse/rat antibodies how?
Only retain the antigen binding regions (CDR)
31
How many antigens can bispecific antibodies bind
Two
32
Bispecfici antibodies can be used to kill what two cells at the same time
Tumour cells and T cells
33
Fullt mouse antibodies have what ending
Omab
34
Chemeric antibodies ahve what ending
Ximab
35
Humanised antibodies have what ending
Zumab
36
Fully human antibodies have what ending
Umab
37
38
Adjuvant upregualte what type of moleucle
Costimulatory molecules, CD80/86.
39
Coley's toxins were an early adjuvant, what is it made of? Where was it injected
Coley's toxins – Early adjuvant- bacterial mixture injected into tumours (Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens)
40
Alum Th response
2
41
LPS/CpG adjuvants illict what type of Th response
Th1
42
Is traditionally the adjuvant linked to antigen
No
43
Whats a new adjuvant stratergy
Directly conjugated adjuvants massively enhance immune response, can also skew it
44
Inappropiate immune responses are often Ig__ mediated allergies
IgE
45
Skewing away from the Th2 response can skew away from what type of inappropiate immune response
Th2/IgE mediated allergies
46
What are two IL thaat are important in the Th2 response
IL4 and 13
47
Dupliumab is anti__/___ receptor monoclonal antibody
anti IL4and IL13
48
Increasing treg response, decreases what th response
Th2
49
What anti-____ antibody can be adminstered to prevent anaphylaxis
anti-IgE
50
Omalizumab is an anti____ monoclonal antibody
anti-IgE
51
In what type of diseases is it better to skew to a Th2 response
IBS, Type I diabetes, MS and RA
52
Autoimmunity/inflammatory diseases are caused by a Th_ response
Th1
53
Helminths skew response towards____
Th2
54
Clinical trails of tolerogenic DC therapy of for what?
Clinical trails for type I diabetes, MS, Ra. Maybe in transplant rejection therapy
55
Long term immunosuppression to inhibit lymphocytes in transplantations is achieved by what common class of drugs
Corticosteroids
56
What is short course immune induction therapy in transplantation
induce T cell unresponsiveness-“reset” tolerogenic mechanisms. When see new organ they see it as self.
57
Campath-1, what is it, what's it for
Campath-1 monoclonal antibody. Depletes T cells (not approved for transplantation). When T cells grow back they see new as T cells as self.
58
Basiliximab prevents T cell activation by being an anti___ receptors, how is this done
Basiliximab prevents T cell activation (anti-IL2 receptor), prevent initial rejection, T cells become tolerogenic over time.
59
Non-FcR binding anti CD3 antibody monoclona;s and anti-alphabeta TcR monoclonals prevent activation
Non-FcR binding Anti CD3 monoclonals, anti- alphabetaTcR monoclonals. Bind CD3 and TCR preventing activation. Resetting peripheral tolerance could allow treatment of autoimmune disease
60
Imiquimod is a TL7/8 agonist, it is an analogue of what
ssRNA
61
Imiquimod skews towards a Th_ response
Th1 response
62
Can vaccinate against viral inducers of cancer like......
HPV and HBV
63
Tumours can secrete factors to stimulate Tregs to produce immunosuppresive cytokines. What macrophages are responsible for this
Tumour-associated macrophages
64
How can we activate T cells
Block inhibitory receptors Block immunosuppresive cytokines Transfer IL2
65
IFN-gamma treatment leads to the upregulation of what., what does this mean for a tumour
mhc class i, stop hiding
66
Engineered super T cells (CART cells) don't need what MHC class
class I
67
Anti-CD47 therapy stops what type of signal
don't eat me signal
68
Dendritic cell therapy process (T cell mediation)
Pulse patients DCs with cancer antigens, plus adjuvant then reinject
69
What is CAR-T therapy in a way better than dendritic cell therapy
Antibody CD3 hybrid cirumvents need for MHC class I for T cell activation
70
CAR-NK therapy can increase m______ and p_____
migration and proliferation
71
CARs on macrophages
Ex vivo macrophage skewing, homeostatic functions. Anti-CD47 antibodies CAR-macrophages
72
Interferon therapies can be used against viral infections (TRUE OR FALSE)
TRUE. IFN-beta in viral response
73
Altering conformation of CCR5 prevent what viral entry
HIV entry
74
microRNA 122 is a host factor increased HCV, what therapy stops this?
Use antisense-based oligonucleotides to knockdown miRNA (antagomirs)
75
Histone deacytlasese tuin target what responses in what disease
HDTs (histone deacetylases tuin) that target inflammatory responses and granulomas in TB
76
Statins reducing cholesterol/ergosterol can help in what type of infection
Fungal
77
Imiquimod also enchances anti-------- immunity
Anti fungal
78
Anti-CD28 antibodies can trigger production of what T cell
Tregs
79
TGN1412 is an anti-CD28 antibody treatment, what unfortunate event happened?
TGN1412 activated all T cells leading to huge inflammation

Medical immunology (17 decks)

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