Infancy (physical development)

Question 1

the two patterns of growth

Answer 1

cephalocaudal and proximodistal

Question 2

the earliest growth always occur at the top–the head–with physical growth and differentiation of features

Answer 2

cephalocaudal pattern

Question 3

____ development generally proceeds according to the cephalocaudal principle

Answer 3

motor

Question 4

growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

Answer 4

proximodistal pattern

Question 5

95% of full-term newborns are ___ to ___ long and weigh between ___ and ___

Answer 5

18, 22 inches; 5, 10 pounds

Question 6

in the first several days of life, most newborns lose ___ to ___% of their body weight before they adjust to feeding by sucking, swallowing, and digesting

Answer 6

5, 7

Question 7

infants then grow rapidly gaining an average of ___ to ___ ounces per ___ during the first month

Answer 7

5, 6; week

Question 8

infants ____ their birth weight by the age of ___ months and have nearly ____ it by their ____birthday

Answer 8

doubled; four; tripled; first

Question 9

infants grow about __ inch per month during the ___ year, approximately _____ their birth length by their ____ birthday

Answer 9

1, first; doubling, first

Question 10

growth slows considerably in the ___ year of life

Answer 10

second

Question 11

by ___ years of age, infants average ___ to ___ inches in height, which is nearly half of their adult height

Answer 11

two; 32, 35

Question 12

an important point about growth is that it often is not smooth and continuous but rather is ___

Answer 12

episodic

Question 13

by the time it is born, the infant that began as a single cell is estimated to have a brain that contains approximately ____ nerve cells, or neurons

Answer 13

100 B

Question 14

includes brain swelling and hemorrhaging hundreds of babies

Answer 14

shaken baby syndrome

Question 15

the newborn’s brain is about what percentage of its adult weight?

Answer 15

25%

Question 16

by their second birthday, their brain is about what percentage of its adult weight?

Answer 16

75%

Question 17

do brain areas mature uniformly or not?

Answer 17

not

Question 18

portion of the brain farthest from the spinal cord

Answer 18

forebrain

Question 19

four main lobes of the brain

Answer 19

frontal
occipital
temporal
parietal

Question 20

involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose

Answer 20

frontal lobes

Question 21

functions in vision

Answer 21

occipital lobes

Question 22

have an active role in hearing, language processing, and memory

Answer 22

temporal lobes

Question 23

play important roles in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control

Answer 23

parietal lobes

Question 24

specialization of function in one hemisphere or cerebral cortex or the other

Answer 24

lateralization

Question 25

what sort of activities involve both hemispheres

Answer 25

complex functions like reading and performing music

Question 26

newborns show greater electrical brain activity in the ___ hemisphere when they are listening to speech sounds

Answer 26

left

Question 27

nerve cell that handles information processing

Answer 27

neurons

Question 28

two types of fibers extending from the neuron's cell body

Answer 28

axons and dendrites

Question 29

axon carries signals ___ from the cell body and dendrites carry signals ____ it

Answer 29

away; toward

Question 30

layer of fat cells encasing and insulating axons in charge of helping electrical signal travel faster

Answer 30

myelin sheath

Question 31

myelination is also involved in ____ to neurons and in ____

Answer 31

providing energy; communication

Question 32

at the end of the axon are terminal buttons, what chemical do they release?

Answer 32

neurotransmitters

Question 33

tiny gaps between neuron's fibers

Answer 33

synapses

Question 34

chemical interactions in the synapses do what?

Answer 34

they connect axons and dendrites, allowing information to pass from neuron to neuron

Question 35

two ways neurons change during the first years of life

Answer 35

myelination and neural connectivity

Question 36

what is "pruning" among neurons?

Answer 36

unused neurons are replaced by other pathways or disappear

Question 37

when we were infants, sleep consumed _____ than it does now

Answer 37

more of our time

Question 38

the typical new born sleeps about how many hours a day?

Answer 38

18 hours

Question 39

newborns vary greatly in how they sleep, between how many hours do they sleep?

Answer 39

10-21 hours a day

Question 40

sleep sessions lasted approximately ___ hours during the first few months and increased to about ___ hours from 3-7 months

Answer 40

3.5 hours; 10.5

Question 41

sleep problems have been estimated to affect ___ to ___ percent of infants

Answer 41

15, 25

Question 42

most common infant sleep related problem

Answer 42

nighttime waking

Question 43

reasons for shorter duration of infant sleep

Answer 43

maternal depression during pregnancy early introduction to solid foods infant TV viewing child care attendance

Question 44

a recent study found that _____ when the infant was ___ months of age predicted the infant's sleep patterns at ___ months of age

Answer 44

maternal sleep, 3, 6

Question 45

a condition that that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night and dies suddenly without any apparent reason

Answer 45

sudden infant death syndrome

Question 46

researchers have found that SIDS does decrease when infants sleep in what position?

Answer 46

on their backs

Question 47

reasons for SIDS

Answer 47

stress (poor sleep position, secondhand smoke, respiratory infection) birth weight mother's health

Question 48

most accepted critical factor in predicting whether or not an infant will develop SIDS

Answer 48

prone sleeping (sleeping on stomach)

Question 49

there is a positive link between infant sleep and cognitive functioning, including ___, ___, and ____.

Answer 49

memory, language, executive function

Question 50

nutritionists recommend that infants consume approximately ___ calories per day for each pound they weigh

Answer 50

50

Question 51

developmental change at the end of the first year of life

Answer 51

sit independently can chew and swallow a range of textures learning to feed themselves

Question 52

true or false? breast-fed infants have lower rates of weight gain that bottle-fed infants in childhood and adolescence

Answer 52

true

Question 53

motor development comes about through the unfolding of a genetic plan, or ____

Answer 53

maturation

Question 54

infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting

Answer 54

dynamic systems theory

Question 55

how do infants develop their motor skills?

Answer 55

infants must perceive something in their environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements

Question 56

when infants are motivated to do something, they might create a ___ behavior

Answer 56

new motor behavior

Question 57

how do infants "tune" their movements

Answer 57

achieved through repeated cycles of action and perception of the consequences of that action

Question 58

they govern the newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control

Answer 58

reflexes

Question 59

occurs when the infant's cheek is stoked or the side of the mouth is touched

Answer 59

rooting reflex

Question 60

automatically such an object placed in their mouth

Answer 60

sucking reflex

Question 61

occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement

Answer 61

moro reflex

Question 62

occurs when something touches the infant's palm

Answer 62

grasping reflex

Question 63

what happens to the grasping reflex by the end of the third month

Answer 63

it diminishes, and the infant shows a more voluntary grasp

Question 64

how many months would it take for some reflexes to disappear?

Answer 64

3-4 months

Question 65

old views on reflexes say that they were exclusively genetic, built-in mechanisms, what is the new view

Answer 65

they are not automatic or completely beyond the infant's control

Question 66

involves large-muscle activities and requires postural control to develop

Answer 66

gross-motor skills

Question 67

a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tells us where we are in space; regulate balance and equilibrium

Answer 67

posture

Question 68

months of age infants can sit independently

Answer 68

6 / 7 months

Question 69

months of age infants learn to pull themselves up

Answer 69

8-9 months

Question 70

months of age infants can stand alone

Answer 70

10-12 months

Question 71

involve finely tuned movements

Answer 71

fine motor skills

Question 72

infants grip with their whole hand

Answer 72

palmar grasp

Question 73

grasp small objects with their thumb and forefinger

Answer 73

pincer grasp

Question 74

a necessity for the infant to coordinate grasping

Answer 74

perceptual-motor coupling

Question 75

occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors--the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin

Answer 75

sensation

Question 76

the interpretation of what is sensed

Answer 76

perception

Question 77

we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us

Answer 77

gibson's ecological view

Question 78

opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities

Answer 78

affordances

Question 79

newborns can't see small things that are far away, why is that?

Answer 79

the nerves and muscles and lens of the eye are still developing

Question 80

the newborn's vision is estimated to be on the well-known snellen chart

Answer 80

20/240

Question 81

a newborn can see at ___ feet what an adult with normal vision can see at ___ feet

Answer 81

20 feet; 240 feet

Question 82

average vision by 6 months of age?

Answer 82

20/40

Question 83

possibly the most important visual stimuli in children's environment in which they extract key information from

Answer 83

faces

Question 84

within hours after they're born, they prefer to look at faces rather than objects, but what kind of faces?

Answer 84

attractive faces

Question 85

a concept wherein infants are more likely to distinguish between faces to which they have been exposed than faces that they have never seen before

Answer 85

perceptual narrowing

Question 86

by __ weeks, and possibly as early as __ weeks, infants can discriminate between some colors

Answer 86

8; 4

Question 87

by 4 months of age, they have color preferences that mirror adults' in some cases, what are these?

Answer 87

saturated colors

Question 88

sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remain constant

Answer 88

perceptual constancy

Question 89

the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object

Answer 89

size constancy

Question 90

babies as young as __ months of age show size and shape constancy

Answer 90

3 months

Question 91

recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes

Answer 91

shape constancy

Question 92

at about 2 months of age, infants develop the ability to perceive that ___objects are ___

Answer 92

occluded; whole

Question 93

might infants even perceive depth?

Answer 93

yes

Question 94

infants ___ hear soft sounds quite as well as adults can

Answer 94

cannot

Question 95

infants are also ___ sensitive to the pitch of a sound than adults are

Answer 95

less

Question 96

infants are less sensitive to __ pitched sounds and are more likely to hear ___ pitched sounds

Answer 96

low, high

Question 97

newborns can determine the general location from which a sound is coming, they're more proficient with this by 6 months of age

Answer 97

localization

Question 98

involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities

Answer 98

intermodal perception