Intro to Dev Psy

Question 1

the branch of psychology that studies the changes–physical, cognitive, and psychosocial–that occur from conception to old age and investigate various factors that affect development throughout the lifespan

Answer 1

developmental psychology

Question 2

the average number of years that a person born in a
particular year can expect to live.

Answer 2

life expectancy

Question 3

early adulthood is not the endpoint of development; no age period dominates development

Answer 3

development is lifelong

Question 4

your body, mind, emotions, and relationships are changing and affecting each other

Answer 4

development is multidimensional

Question 5

some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink

Answer 5

development is multi-directional

Question 6

capacity for change

Answer 6

development is plastic

Question 7

psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span

Answer 7

development is multidisciplinary

Question 8

all development occurs within a context or setting

Answer 8

development is contextual

Question 9

context exerts 3 types of influences

Answer 9

normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences, non-normative life events

Question 10

are similar for individuals in a particular age group

Answer 10

normative age-graded influences

Question 11

common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances

Answer 11

normative history-graded influences

Question 12

unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the lives of individual people

Answer 12

non-normative life events

Question 13

the mastery of life often involves ______ and _____among three goals of human development:______

Answer 13

conflict, competition; growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss

Question 14

development is a co-construction of _______,_______, _______ factors working together

Answer 14

biology, culture, and the individual

Question 15

In terms of individual factors, we can go beyond what our _______ and our ______ give us

Answer 15

genetic inheritance, environment

Question 16

changes in an individual’s physical nature

Answer 16

biological processes

Question 17

refers to changes in the individuals’ thought, intelligence, and language

Answer 17

cognitive processes

Question 18

involves changes in the individual’s relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality

Answer 18

socioemotional processes

Question 19

four “ages” of lifespan development

Answer 19

first age: childhood and adolescence
second: prime adulthood; ages 20-59
third: approximately 60-79
fourth age: approximately 80 and >

Question 20

3 development patterns of aging

Answer 20

normal aging, pathological aging, successful aging

Question 21

psychological functioning often peaks in early middle age, remains stable until the late 50s to early 60s, and decline through the early 80s

Answer 21

normal aging

Question 22

individuals who show greater than average decline as they age through adult years

Answer 22

pathological aging

Question 23

individuals whose positive physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development is maintained longer

Answer 23

successful aging

Question 24

An increasing number of studies indicate that in the US ____ are ____ as they age

Answer 24

adults; happier

Question 25

____% were very happy at age _____ compared with only about _____% in their _________

Answer 25

33%, 88; 24, late teens and early twenties

Question 26

some studies indicate that the lowest levels of life satisfaction occur in the ________

Answer 26

middle age (45-54 years old)

Question 27

conceptions of age

Answer 27

chronological age, psychological age, biological age, social age

Question 28

number of years that have elapsed since birth

Answer 28

chronological age

Question 29

individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age

Answer 29

psychological age

Question 30

person's age in terms of biological health

Answer 30

biological age

Question 31

connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt

Answer 31

social age

Question 32

developmental issues

Answer 32

nature and nurture stability and change continuity and discontinuity

Question 33

what does the nature-nurture issue discuss?

Answer 33

the extent to which development is influenced by nature and by nurture

Question 34

what does the stability-change issue discuss?

Answer 34

the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change

Question 35

what does the continuity-discontinuity issue discuss?

Answer 35

the degree to which development involves either gradual cumulative change (continuity) or distinct changes (discontinuity)

Question 36

what are psychoanalytic theories?

Answer 36

describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion

Question 37

psychoanalytic theorists emphasize that behavior is merely a _______ and that a true understanding of development requires analyzing the ________of ______

Answer 37

surface characteristic; symbolic meaning; behavior

Question 38

what composes the psychodynamic theories?

Answer 38

sigmund freud's psychoanalytic theory and erik erikson's psychosocial theory

Question 39

how does the psychosexual stages of development work?

Answer 39

focus of pleasure and sexual impulses shift from the mouth to the anus and eventually to the genitals

Question 40

relation of the psychosexual stages of development to adult personality

Answer 40

adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality

Question 41

the five psychosexual stages of development

Answer 41

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 42

primary motivation for human behavior is social in nature and reflects a desire to affiliate with people

Answer 42

erikson's psychosocial stages of development

Question 43

what happens at each stage in erikson's theory

Answer 43

a unique developmental task confronts the individual with a crisis must be resolved

Question 44

what is crisis according to erikson?

Answer 44

crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point

Question 45

what are cognitive theories?

Answer 45

emphasize conscious thoughts

Question 46

what are the three cognitive theories?

Answer 46

jean piaget's theory of cognitive development lev vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory george-miller's information processing theory

Question 47

what happenss at piaget's cognitive development theory?

Answer 47

children go through four stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world

Question 48

two processes underlie this cognitive construction of the world

Answer 48

organization and adaptation

Question 49

coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions

Answer 49

sensorimotor stage

Question 50

represent the world with words and images; increased symbolic thinking

Answer 50

pre-operational stage

Question 51

the child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets

Answer 51

concrete operational stage

Question 52

the adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways

Answer 52

formal operational stage

Question 53

social interaction and culture have far more important roles in cognitive development

Answer 53

vgostsky's sociocultural cognitive theory

Question 54

the area of knowledge just beyond the child's abilities

Answer 54

zone of proximal development

Question 55

the kind of support adults and teachers present when children are asked to explain their reasoning for learning

Answer 55

scaffolding

Question 56

individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it

Answer 56

information-processing theory

Question 57

proposes that children develop their cognitive abilities in an _____ manner

Answer 57

incremental

Question 58

children become better at solving problems, they develop more conscious awareness of their cognitive activities and use them to strategize

Answer 58

metacognition

Question 59

behavioral and social cognitive theories

Answer 59

b.f. skinner's operant conditioning albert bandura's social cognitive theory

Question 60

the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence

Answer 60

skinner's operant conditioning

Question 61

skinner emphasized that development consists of the _____ of _______changes that are brought about by rewards and punishment

Answer 61

patterns; behavioral

Question 62

holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development

Answer 62

bandura's social cognitive theory

Question 63

people acquire a wide range of _____, _______, ______through ______ others' behavior and these observations play a central role in lifespan development

Answer 63

behaviors, thoughts, feelings; observing

Question 64

what composes ethological theories?

Answer 64

john bowlby's attachment theory konrad lorenz's imprinting theory

Question 65

in bowlby's theory, _____ to a caregiver over the _____ year of life has important consequences throughout the lifespan

Answer 65

attachment; first

Question 66

in lorenz's theory, ______needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will not take place. This point in time is called a ________

Answer 66

imprinting; critical period

Question 67

holds that development reflects the influence of several environmental systems

Answer 67

urie bronfenbrenner's ecological theories

Question 68

setting in which the individual lives

Answer 68

microsystem

Question 69

involves relations between microsystems

Answer 69

mesosystem

Question 70

consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context

Answer 70

exosystem

Question 71

involves the culture in which individuals live

Answer 71

macrosystem

Question 72

consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course

Answer 72

chronosystem

Question 73

an orientation that does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it

Answer 73

eclectic theoretical approach theory