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Vet Nurse Small Animal Diploma CQ > Infection control (SA5) > Flashcards

Infection control (SA5) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of the chain of infection?

A
  • Pathogen
  • Reservoir
  • Portal of exit
  • Mode of transmission
  • Portal of entry
  • Susceptible host
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2
Q

What is a convalescent carrier?

A
  • Recovered from disease but still sheds into environment
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3
Q

What is a healthy carrier?

A
  • Exposed to organism but doesn’t become ill
  • Usually because immune system has fought disease previously
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4
Q

What is an open carrier?

A
  • Continuously shed organism
  • Usually weeks-months
  • Can be life long
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5
Q

What is a closed carrier?

A
  • Doesn’t normally shed disease
  • Shedding triggered by stress or steroids
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6
Q

Where is MRSA found?

A
  • Within naso-oral cavity
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7
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

Caused by microorganism capable of invading and replicating within a host

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8
Q

What is a contagious disease?

A
  • Can be passed from one animal to another
  • Via direct or indirect contact
  • Spread through contagions
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9
Q

What is a zoonotic disease?

A
  • Can be passed from vertebrate animals to humans
  • immunosuppressed, young, old and pregnant most at risk
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10
Q

What is contamination?

A
  • Presence of microorganisms on body surface or inanimate object
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11
Q

What is colonisation?

A
  • Presence of microorganisms with no clinical signs
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12
Q

What are pathogens?

A
  • Disease producing microorganisms
  • May live in or on the host
  • Disrupts normal physiological function
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13
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe?

A
  • Will grow whether oxygen is present or not
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14
Q

What is an epidemic?

A
  • Increase in number of cases of a disease
  • Above what is normally expected in that population
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15
Q

What is a pandemic?

A
  • Epidemic of worldwide proportions
  • Increase in number of cases of a disease worldwide above normal expectations
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16
Q

What is an endemic?

A
  • Disease that permanently exists is particular populations
  • At normal levels and is predictable
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17
Q
  • What is an epizootic?
A
  • Epidemic of an animal disease
  • Increase in number of cases of an animal population above normal levels
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18
Q

What are the causal agents of infectious diseases?

A
  • Bacterium
  • Virus
  • Protozoan
  • Fungus
  • Prions
  • Ecto/endo-parasites
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19
Q

What are viruses?

A
  • Tiny intracellular parasites
  • Can only replicate within a host cell
  • Can only attach to compatible cells
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20
Q

What is the structure of a virus?

A
  • Each virus particle
  • Core of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)
  • Surrounded by protein coat (Capsid)
  • Together known as nucleocapsid
  • Some viruses are enclosed in an envelope
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21
Q

What are virus envelopes made from?

A
  • Lipoprotein and glycoprotein
  • Some have glycoprotein spikes to help them attach to host cells
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22
Q

What is the name for spherical viruses?

A

Icosahedral

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23
Q

What is meant by an icosahedral virus?

A
  • Spherical in shape
24
Q

What makes enveloped viruses easier to kill?

A
  • Envelopes are fragile
  • Readily absorb disinfectants
25
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A
  • Attach to host cell and penetrate membrane
  • OR being taken into cell by endocytosis
  • Takes control of cell, instructs to produce more virus particles
  • Released by rupture or no harm to the cell
26
Q

How can viruses be diagnosed?

A
  • Serology detects antibodies
  • Antigens (Viral proteins) detected in serum
  • PCR detects viral DNA/RNA but expensive
27
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Single cell organism, vary in size and shape

28
Q

What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria?

A
  • Bacilli (Ovals)
  • Cocci (Circles)
  • Spirochaetes (Spirals)
29
Q

Bacteria cell walls

A
  • Can be inhibited by Cephalosporins
  • Some have slimy coat for protection and to enable them to attach to cells
  • Some have pili/fimbriae to stick to host
30
Q

What are the different arrangements of cocci?

A
  • Diplococcus (2 cocci)
  • Streptococcus (Chains of cocci)
  • Staphlococcus (Bundles of cocci - grapes)
31
Q

What is the name for curved Bacilli?

A

Vibrios

32
Q

What is the optimum temperature for bacteria to replicate?

A

37 degrees

33
Q

What are the 2 ways bacteria can replicate?

A

Binary fission
- Asexual
- Creates 2 identical cells
Conjugation
- Sexual
- Sharing of DNA only
- No new cell

34
Q

How does antibiotic resistance come about?

A

Conjugation

35
Q

Commensals

A

Bacteria living on animals and not causing harm

36
Q

Facultative

A
  • Opportunistic bacteria
  • Will cause harm in immunosuppressed
37
Q

Obligate

A

Bacteria that always causes disease

38
Q

Saphrophytic

A
  • Replicate on dead tissue
  • Responsible for decay
39
Q

Symbiotic and mutualistic bacteria

A

benefits both parties

40
Q

How are bacteria diagnosed?

A
  • Bacterial smears
  • Grams stains
  • Culture on nutrient medium
  • Sensitivity testing
41
Q

Examples of viral infections

A
  • Parvo
  • Lepto
  • Distemper
  • Myxo
  • RHD
  • FELV
  • FIV
  • Parainfluenza
42
Q

Examples of bacterial infections

A
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica
  • Leptospira canicola
  • Chlamydophila felis
43
Q

What are fungi?

A
  • Large group of organisms
  • Ranging from micro to macroscopic
  • Moulds, yeasts
44
Q

What are the 3 fungi of veterinary importance?

A
  • Dermatophytes (Ringworm)
  • Yeasts (e.g Malassezia)
  • Mould (Aspergillus)
45
Q

Is ringworm a multicellular fungus?

A

Yes

46
Q

What is Dermatophytes?

A

Ringworm

47
Q

What are the 2 types of dematophytes?

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes
- Dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs
Microsporum canis
- Dogs and cats

48
Q

What are the clinical signs of ringworm and how is it diagnosed?

A
  • Circular hair loss, may be inflamed
  • Some long hair cats are asymptomatic
  • Hair plucks for staining or culture
  • Some species fluoresce with woods lamp
  • 50% of Microsporum canis apple green
  • Spores can live on fomites for long periods
49
Q

Are yeasts unicellular?

A

Yes

50
Q

What is Malassezia pachydermatis?

A
  • Yeast
  • Found on skin normally
  • Dematitis/otitis externa on susceptible pets
  • Often during summer
  • Can be greasy, has distinct odour
51
Q

How is Malassezia pachydermatis diagnosed?

A
  • Tape strips stained with methylene blue
  • appears as bottle shapes under the microscope
52
Q

What is Candida Albicans?

A
  • Yeast
  • Present in normal animals
  • May cause clinical signs in young, old, immuno
  • Thrush
53
Q

What are the clinical signs of Candida Albicans?

A
  • White plaques in mouth
  • Ulcers
  • In birds sour crop
54
Q

What is a protozoa?

A
  • Single cell organisms
  • Many capable of independent movement
  • Many survive outside body in moisture films
55
Q

How are protozoa diagnosed?

A
  • Cysts in faeces
  • Pooled samples required
  • Results may be unreliable
  • ELISA or PCR tests are more expensive
56
Q

Is toxoplasma zoonotic?

A
  • Yes
  • Can cause spontaneous abortion
57
Q

What are prions?

A
  • Mutated proteins leading to serious neurological disease
  • Spread by ingestion of infected tissue, especially brain and spinal cord
  • Genetic predisposition may be required, proven in sheep
  • Prions are always fatal

Vet Nurse Small Animal Diploma CQ (10 decks)

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