infection/inflammation/sepsis/septic shock

Question 1

lymphocytes

Answer 1

B cells and T cells

Question 2

cells that mediate antibody immunity

Answer 2

B cells
- they are activated by an antigen

Question 3

cells that mediate cell immunity

Answer 3

T cells
- activated by foreign markers and antigens

Question 4

inflammation process step 1

Answer 4

innate and non specific

Question 5

inflammation process step 2

Answer 5

mediators released from cells and complement system and cytokines activate along with nitrtic oxide

Question 6

vascular stage

Answer 6

vasodilation along with increased permeability

Question 7

cellular stage

Answer 7

WBC migrate into tissues toward the stimuli

Question 8

signaling stage

Answer 8

pro inflammatory mediators attract more WBC

Question 9

inflammation process step 3

Answer 9

increased interstitial volume causes pressure to be put on nociceptors which leads to pain

Question 10

WBC most present in a bacterial infection

Answer 10

neutrophils

Question 11

WBC most present in a viral infection

Answer 11

lymphocytes

Question 12

blood composition

Answer 12

45% cells
55% plasma

Question 13

based on suspected bacteria and started ASAP
- used in sepsis and septic shock

Answer 13

empiric treatment

Question 14

penicillins, cephalosporins, bacitracin, vancomycin, carbapenems

Answer 14

cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Question 15

erythromycin, tetracyclines, streptomycin

Answer 15

protein synthesis inhibitors

Question 16

sulfanilamide

Answer 16

metabolite synthesis inhibitors

Question 17

quinolones, rifampin

Answer 17

inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis

Question 18

using substances to enhance immunity and bodys response

Answer 18

immunotherapy

Question 19

antibodies that are donor acquired (biologics)
give immediate immunity boost that provide short term protection

Answer 19

immune globulins

Question 20

IVIG
- given IV route

Answer 20

immune globulin

Question 21

immune mediators (synthetic drug) that stimulate the immune system

Answer 21

cytokines (interferons or interleukins)

Question 22

Intron A
- given IV route
- used in hepatitis B

Answer 22

cytokine

Question 23

immunizations

Answer 23

administered antigen that triggers synthesis of B cell antibodies

Question 24

fetus immunity

Answer 24

IgG transferred during pregnancy via placenta
IgA transferred via breastmilk and protect the GI

Question 25

innate immunity

Answer 25

non specific and born with

Question 26

acquired immunity

Answer 26

antigen specific responses

Question 27

adaptive immunity

Answer 27

established due to exposure/immunizations and is long term

Question 28

septicemia/bacteremia

Answer 28

pathogen is in bloodstream and can lead to sepsis

Question 29

infection continuum

Answer 29

infection --> systemic response --> sepsis --> acidosis --> septic shock

Question 30

infection that causes an extreme inflammatory response and organ hypoperfusion

Answer 30

sepsis

Question 31

presence of ongoing hypotension and acidosis due to anaerobic metabolism

Answer 31

septic shock

Question 32

results of septic shock

Answer 32

renal failure, DIC, metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia

Question 33

3 types of shock

Answer 33

septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic

Question 34

septic shock cause

Answer 34

response to pathogen

Question 35

anaphylactic shock cause

Answer 35

response to allergen

Question 36

neurogenic shock cause

Answer 36

response to injury

Question 37

distributive shock

Answer 37

the umbrealla term for shock causing systemic inflammation and causes loss of blood vessel tone and increased permeability

Question 38

LR in shock and sepsis

Answer 38

used due to lactate conversion to sodium bicarbonate - mitigate metabolic acidosis

Question 39

renal failure treatment

Answer 39

catecholamines (dobutamine) and IV fluids

Question 40

intracellular dysregulation causes

Answer 40

hypoxia --> anaerobic metabolism --> lactic acid

Question 41

lung dysregulation cause and effect

Answer 41

low O2 and high CO2 leading to metabolic acidosis

Question 42

renal dysregulation

Answer 42

decreased clearance of acidic contents and causes acidosis

Question 43

lactic acidosis

Answer 43

a type of metabolic acidosis - elevated serum lactate due to tissue hypoxia

Question 44

Kussmaul breathing, decreased BP, hyperkalemia, decreased renal pH

Answer 44

signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis

Question 45

metabolic acidosis treatment

Answer 45

O2, electrolytes, sodium bicarbonate , insulin

Question 46

GI ischemia due to metabolic acidosis

Answer 46

occurs due to SNS activated vasoconstriction

Question 47

GI ischemia treatment

Answer 47

NG, PPI, antiemetics

Question 48

hyperglycemia due to metabolic acidosis

Answer 48

tissue hypoxia causes decreased cell metabolism and glucose transport to cells along with pro inflammatory mediators decreasing insulin efficacy

Question 49

DIC due to metabolic acidosis

Answer 49

decreased perfusion to the liver decreased plasmin for clot lysis and coagulation factor formation - starts as widespread and then depletes

Question 50

widespread DIC treatment

Answer 50

anticoagulants (heparin)

Question 51

systemic DIC treatment

Answer 51

blood products (whole blood, platelets, vitamin K)